青岛科技大学认知实习(推荐5篇)
2002年8月6日,教育部颁发的《全国普通高等学校体育课程教学指导纲要》在全国范围内引起强烈反响。到2003年,在全国的所有普通高校开始实行。纲要中第八条明确指出:“根据学校教育的总体要求和体育课程的自身规律,应面向全体学生开设多种类型的体育课程,可以打破原有的系别、班级建制,重新组合上课,以满足不同层次、不同水平、不同兴趣学生的需要。重视理论与实践相结合,在运动实践教学中注意渗透相关理论知识,并运用多种形式和现代教学手段,安排约10%的理论教学内容(每学期约学时),扩大体育的知识面,提高学生的认知能力。”顺应新纲要,我国高校的体育教学改革虽然取得了一定的成就,但是也存在不少问题仍需进一步的解决。特别是针对高校专科生,他们在校时间段、知识文化水平较本科生及研究生等有一定的差距,身体素质、学习态度等都具有自身的特点,所以对高校专科生的体育教学改革需要进行深入的研究与思考。
2 研究对象与方法
2.1 研究对象
本研究的对象主要为青岛科技大学专科生体育教学。
2.2 研究方法
2.2.1 文献资料法
在相关网站进行检索,如中国期刊网等查阅近2年的相关论文。同时,在青岛科技大学图书馆、青岛图书馆等图书馆内查阅相关的体育教学方面的论著。
2.2.2 专家调查法
对校内外的体育学者、教授进行调查。
2.2.3 比较研究法
首先,对教学改革之前的专科生体育教学进行了总结,找出了体育教学中存在的问题。然后,对教学改革之后近两年的专科生体育教学进行了分析和归纳,通过体育教学改革前后的对比,认为对青岛科技大学专科生进行体育教学具有重要意义。
3 分析与讨论
3.1 体育教学改革前,体育教学存在的问题
3.1.1 教学内容单一
教学内容是学生学与教师教相互作用的主要信息,在这个过程中,两者之间对于信息的传递是有意的。在新课程改革下,人们更加重视生成性教学思维理念,对教学内容也有了新认识。教学内容在整个教学过程中处于主要地位。
在青岛科技大学体育教学改革前,大一专科生的第一学期的体育教学内容主要是二路长拳、立定跳远、女生800米、男生1000米的理论与技术;第二学期的主要教学内容为田径、女生仰卧起坐、男生俯卧撑的理论与技术。从整个学年来看,教学内容非常单一。改革前一直以来都是一成不变的,遵循这种传统的体育教学理论体系和教材结构等模式,缺乏从理论教学到实践教学、从教学思想到教学认识、从教学结构到教学内容的整体突破。
3.1.2 学生学习积极性不高
学生在教学过程中占有主体地位。教学应该以学生为本。从逻辑学上来讲“外因”还需“内因”来起决定作用。即使教师再努力认真教学,学生如果不积极主动学习,依然没有好的教学效果。体育教学改革前,学校的教学内容冬季主要教授二路长拳,好多学生对单一的二路长拳不敢兴趣,又因为是冬季在户外学习单调枯燥的二路长拳学生会感觉很冷,学习环境比较恶劣;第二个学期主要是学习田径等内容,对于大学生来讲,田径等运动是他们从小学到高中都一直在学习的体育项目,大部分同学早已对跑步跳远等没有了兴趣甚至有的已经厌烦。体育教学内容单一,没有吸引力再加上专科生具有学习自觉性不高,自律性不强的特点,综合各方面的因素学生学习的积极性并不高。
3.1.3 教师专业知识与技能得不到发挥
教师在整个教学过程中处于主导地位。学校的体育教师在其求学时期学的专业不尽相同,有各种体育项目,比如:篮球、足球、排球、羽毛球、田径、体育养生、健美操等等。他们对自己专有的项目进行了长达多年的系统学习,理论知识丰富,技术技能娴熟,科研能力比较高。改革前,无论教师所学或擅长哪项体育运动,都要“一刀切”式地进行二路长拳、田径等体育教学。虽然体育教师也在认认真真地教学,爱岗敬业,关爱学生,教书育人,也有一定的教学效果。但是如果让足球专业的体育教师去教田径和二路长拳,这无疑是对其运动技能及教学才能的一种埋没。他经过多年的专业理论知识及技能的学习都得不到相应的发挥,在教学过程中体会不到专业项目的体育教学的成就感,在整个体育教学中,学校也不能做到人尽其才,很是可惜与遗憾。
3.1.4 教学评价片面
没有评价就没有教学。体育教学作为高校教学的一部分具有其独特性,体育教学的评价较其他学科的教学也具有独特性。在体育教学改革前,对专科生的体育教学评价主要包括三个方面的内容:一是平时考勤与课堂表现,二是两项左右的素质测试,三是例如二路长拳整套动作等的考试成绩。考试评价具有一定的片面性,更加注重的是终结期评价,而忽略了诊断评价和过程评价。在体育教学中评价方法不科学,不能及时跟上每个学生的学习状态,首先以学生为本的体育教学做的不到位,再次,不能第一时间掌握学生的体质、素质、技能等是否通过体育教学的学习得到了改善,教学反思不够,不能及时调整或者改进教学内容、教学方法和教学手段。
3.2 体育教学改革后,体育教学带取得的效果
3.2.1 丰富了教学内容
体育教学改革以后,教学内容发生了翻天覆地的变化。打破了原有的传统体育教学模式,不再固步自封。由原来的单一教学内容改变为专项体育教学,包括体育养生、篮球、足球、排球、乒乓球、羽毛球、散打、健美操、体育舞蹈等体育项目,除此之外,在每个体育项目的教学中,除了讲授基本的技术技能以外,还包括该项目的历史、现状、未来发展趋势等理论课教学,以及该项目的体育欣赏、裁判法、运动损伤的预防和处理、身体素质练习特别是核心力量训练、学生比较关心的运动营养与保健等教学内容。这就极大地丰富了体育教学内容,学生能够通过学习学到更多的知识。并且学生在第一学期和第二学期学的是不同的项目,这样可以使学生在有限的学习时间内,学到至少两项体育技能,为“终身体育”打下基础。
3.2.2 提高了学生学习的积极性
兴趣是最好的老师。学生选择了自己感兴趣的体育课程,学习的积极性大大提高了。通过教学发现,学生积极性提高以后,就会全身心地投入到课堂学习中,学习态度很端正,学习的过程中积极锻炼,遇到不明白的问题能及时和老师沟通,运动技能掌握比较扎实。学习积极性提高后,不仅在课内有所表现,在课外也有好的学习效果。例如下课前体育教师除了总结本次课的内容对学生的学习进行点评与肯定,让学生体会到学习的成就感外,还会布置课后作业,要求把本次课的内容课后主动练习提高巩固,并且利用网络资源等学习,要求学生自己学习有关内容,等到下次课上课时,检查发现学生基本上都超额完成了课后作业,技术动作做的熟练到位,掌握地很好。还有的同学不需要老师提醒或者强调,就会主动查找与本项运动相关的知识与资料,丰富自己的体育运动视野。学生积极性的提高,学生乐于进行体育学习,在快乐中学习,体会学习带来的乐趣,使“快乐体育”的理念深入学生心中,这对于教学效果的提高显而易见。
3.2.3 发挥了教师的专业知识与技能
韩愈在《师说》中就提出“传道受业解惑”。这主要是指教育是一个综合的过程:传道、授业、解惑,三个并列。体育教学改革后,体育教师可以讲授自己已经学习研究多年的专业理论知识与技术技能,对于“授业”来说是轻车熟路。教师强则学生强。教师专业理论知识的强大,专业技术技能的精湛,在教学中发挥地淋漓尽致,同时学生对于教师在课堂中的所表现出来的专业水准也是极大地信服,更愿意和老师学习提高自己运动技能。
3.2.4 进行了科学全面的教学评价
体育教学改革后,教学评价主要包括诊断评价、过程评价和终结性评价三部分。其中诊断评价是在上第一次体育课进行的,对学生进行评价的目的主要是了解学生在本学期体育学习前的身体素质、基本知识和专项技术等初始水平或者现状;还可以了解学生对于所上体育课程的学习兴趣、动机和愿望、要求等情况;根据学生的这些实际情况科学地制定或者修订本学期体育教学计划,有针对性地进行教学内容和方法的安排。过程评价贯穿于整个的体育教学过程中。对每堂课或者每个教学阶段分别以教学任务作为评价参照的标准,将评价结果反馈给学生,使学生能够认识到自己的长处或者不足,激励或者督促学生更好地来学习,同时对于教师来讲也可以将比较和调整的相关信息反馈与教学,为后继教学提供依据。终结性评价在体育教学学期结束时实施测验,通过测验结果来评价教学的质量和效果,主要目的是评价学生的体育课学习成绩。这三种体育教学评价虽然有所不同,但是也相互关联,是个有机的整体,合理利用教学评价手段,使体育教学改革后的评价更加全面、更加科学,能关注到每个学生,特别是每个学生的进步,使体育教育真正由“育才”转变为“育人”。
4 结论与建议
4.1 结论
青岛科技大学专科生体育教学一直以来延习以二路长拳、田径运动等为主要内容的体育教学,最终的学习评价以技能掌握为主,这种体育教学存在一定的弊端。为了适应新课改的要求,实施了专科生的体育教学改革,并取得一定的成效。通过体育教学改革,认为此次改革能够激发学生的学习兴趣,调动学生学习的积极性,使学生主动学习,最终掌握至少两项体育运动技能;同时也充实了体育教学内容,适应学生的运动需求;也完善了体育教学评价体系,对学生进行更加全面的学习评价,使评价更加合理,更加科学。
4.2 建议
青岛科技大学专科生体育教学改革虽然取得了一定的成效,但是对于构建“课内外一体化”的体育教学,尝试翻转课堂等新的体育教学手段,“以赛促学”等体育教学方法等还有待于进一步实践与研究。
摘要:高校体育教学改革如火如荼,对于专科生体育教学改革的探讨也比较深入。体育教学改革需要打破固有的传统模式,顺应时代需求,提高学生的学习兴趣、充实体育教学内容、发挥教师的专业知识与技能、建立科学全面的体育学习评价体系,建立以“快乐体育”、“终身体育”等为理念的新型体育教学。
关键词:体育教学,学习兴趣,教学评价,快乐体育,终身体育
参考文献
[1]胡化兵.安徽省普通高等院校公共体育选项课现状与发展对策的研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2008.
[2]李慧子.北京市独立学院“课内课外一体化”体育教学模式的研究.[D].北京:首都体育学院,2013.
[3]王冰.从终身体育论高校体育教学改革[J].长治学院学报,2008,25(2):74-77.
[4]杨攀.影响我国高校体育教学发展的因素及对策分析[J].体育大视野,2015,27(5):224-225.
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1前言
临床实习是医学专业学生学习的重要环节,没有实习的大学学习是不完整的学习,只有理论和实践很好的结合在一起,才能算是真正完成了大学教育。我对114名河南科技大学2008届实习护理专业学生进行了问卷调查,旨在找出影响护理专业学生实习效果的因素,并提出相应的对策,以提高实习效果。
2方法
2.1采用问卷调查的方法。问卷如下表:
河南科技大学护理实习生实习效果因素问卷调查表
1、实习后你对护理工作的看法理想不太理想非常反感
2、实习时你的人际关系很和谐一般难以相处
3、你认为实习时的人际关系对实习效果的影响很大影响影响不大没有影响
4、实习时你每日上班提前到达按时到达迟到早退
5、你实习时在工作中的态度积极主动等待安排拖沓抱怨
6、你认为实习中的态度对实习效果的影响程度很大影响影响不大没有影响
7、你认为自己所学的护理理论知识和实践的联系程度非常吻合基本吻合差距较大
8、你认为自己所学的护理理论知识和实践的联系程度对护理实习的影响程度很大影响影响不大没有影响
9、你觉得以下带教老师的哪种态度对实习更有帮助主动讲解被动讲解不管不问
10、你认为以下哪种形式对护理实习更有帮助出科考试病例书写操作能力
2.2对调查问卷整理分析。
3结果
经过整理分析的得出以下影响护理专业学生实习效果的因素:
3.1实习后对护理专业的重新认识社会上很多人对护理工作存在偏见,而且,每天面对单调、又脏又累的护理操作,学生对护理工作的向往大打折扣。学生实习后对护理专业的重新认识显示:认为护理工作理想的学生54人(占47%),不太理想的51人(占44%),非常反感的10人(占8%)。在与学生的交谈中,不少同学抱怨病人看不起实习生.不愿让实习生操作,甚至说话很难听,这些现象可能影响到学生的实习热情甚至毕业后的择业。
3.2人际关系学生从人际关系简单的学校一到临床,接触众多陌生的医护人员、病人及陪护人员,在交往中逃避和缺乏信心。甚至不敢主动与老师、患者、家属交谈,这种状态可能会进人恶性循环.必然影响实习效果。调查显示.认为能够处理好日常人际关系的为35人(占30%)、一般的77人(占67%)、有隔阂的3人(占2%)。
3.3在校所学与临床应用的差距学校所学知识与临床实际应用有一定差距,教学有理论与实践脱节现象。调查中示74人(占64%)认为在校所学理论、技能知识与临床应用基本吻合。41人(占36%)认为差距较大。
3.4带教老师工作情况、水平、带教态度等均会对护理专业学生实习效果造成影响调查中,有89人(占75%)反映带教老师能做到主动示范讲解,有27人(占23%)反映带教老师对实习生不管不问。这说明有一部分带教老师对工作不负责任。
4讨论
经过调查分析,我们提出了以下几条提高护理实习生实习效果的建议:
4.1加强专业思想教育护理专业学生正处于世界观、人生观、价值观逐步形成的时期,实习期间是职业道德和专业思想培养的最有效、最直接的时期。学校应通过各种活动和手段加强护理专业学生的职业思想教育。
4.2加强心理疏导护理专业学生从学校来到医院实习,角色不适应,心理应对能力弱,缺乏理论联系实际的能力,普遍存在紧张、焦虑的心理。因此,护理专业学生到科室实习,带教老师首先要以积极热情的态度对待他们,使护理专业学生感到被重视和受欢迎。
4.3縮小在校所学与临床的差距学校应和医院结合,经常邀请临床医生到学校开讲座和座谈,传授临床经验。
为了更好的将所学知识与社会实践相结合,深层次的理解企业中各职能部门相互关联、彼此依存的关系,以及进一步培养自己与他人的沟通能力,并通过实践使个人进一步巩固和理解课堂上所学的知识,从而更好的掌握专业理论和提高实际操作能力,我选择了在青岛海岸线网络科技有限公司完成实习。在实习的过程中,我通过自己的独立工作和与同事的协作,顺利完成了公司领导交给我的工作任务。加深了我对销售岗位的理解!
一、实习单位简介
青岛海岸线网络科技有限公司,是一家知名互联网品牌,致力于打造一个最具幸福感的企业,完善的晋升体制,轻松的工作氛围,多彩的员工活动,让海岸线在多年的发展下不断壮大。公司以在线业务为主,主营产品为滋补养生类食品,旗下产品已是知名商标。
产品市场定位宽,消费群体广,在互联网经济的大时代下,销售额多年持续增长,已成为行业中的佼佼者。
与央视广告平台和中国人寿保险,保持着紧密的战略合作伙伴关系。
二、实习工作内容与过程
由于刚到公司实习,有很多产品信息需要了解和掌握。并且需要学习与客户进行沟通交流的技巧,积累更多的经验。作为一名销售人员,需要通过线上与意向客户进行交流介绍产品,根据不同的客户需求,向客户推荐适合的产品,并将产品的特点为客户讲解清楚明白,最终达成成交。
针对销售岗位的特点,遇到挫折时,需要调整心态,自我反思,从自身找原因,寻找在销售过程中的失误与不足。应进行冷静分析,从客观、主观、目标、环境、条件等方面,找出受挫的原因,采取有效的补救措施。树立一个辩证的挫折观,经常保持自信和乐观的态度,要认识到正是挫折和教训才使我们变得聪明和成熟,正是失败本身才最终造就了成功。学会自我宽慰,能容忍挫折,要心怀坦荡,情绪乐观,发奋图强。善于化压力为动力,改变内心的压抑状态,以求身心的轻松,重新争取成功,从而让目光面向未来。
三、实习感受
在这一个多月的实习期间,是我人生路上一段全新的体验,有收获,有遗憾,但这些让我更加的成长。下面是我的一些感受:
在销售岗位上一定要有责任心,要有敬业精神,做好每一个环节的工作,哪一个环节出了差错都有可能让我们失去一位珍贵的客户。我们要对公司的利益负责,充分了解产品,使公司的利益最大化,同时又满足客户的需求。在客户的需求下,推荐最适合的产品。更重要的是我们
要对我们的客户负责,要提供符合客户要求并保质保量的产品。
我们还要有不断学习、创新的能力。我们要根据已有的工作经验,在与客户的实际交流中,不断总结,改进沟通方案。通过创新的沟通,才能够抓住客户的心理,给予客户心理上最大的满足,促进成交,做到服务的人性化。最初刚到青岛海岸线,很多不熟悉,看到身边同事对业务的熟悉熟练,不禁让我心升敬佩,我细心观察,耐心的学习,吸取他们成功成交的经验,通过一段时间的学习我能独立完成工作了。由最初的紧张到最后能快速成功的完成成交,慢慢的我也找到了自信,找到了激情,开始爱上了这份工作!要有耐心和良好的沟通。接触最多客户最多的就是销售和客服岗位,这要求我们要有良好的沟通能力,耐心聆听每一位客户的需求,为客户提供其满意的产品。客户在购买产品的同时,更注重的是我们的服务,追求我们的服务质量。我们还要做好与其他部门的沟通、协调工作,流程长更要求我们要有耐心,其过程中会出现许多意想不到的事情,我们要冷静沉稳的应对,这样才能保证工作有条不紊的进行。刚刚接触这份工作时,心里有些急躁,特别是遇到问题比较多的客户,有时候会缺乏耐心。其实,这样很容易出现问题,比如说对客户的需求不明确,自己对产品的表述不全面等等。所以,当自己冷静下来以后,应该及时反思自己,找出问题的所在,并告诉自己要有耐心,要学会倾听客户的心声,学会引导客户,帮他们了解我们的产品。逐渐的对形形色色的客户沟通的更容易,顺畅了!这,就是成长吧!
类别 成教学院函授 拟题人
适用专业
(答案写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上无效)
Part I Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are four reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions.For each of them there are four suggested anseers marked ABCand D.Choose the best answer to each question.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: A few years ago it was common to speak of a generation gap between young people and their elders.Parents said that children did not respect and listen to them,while children said that their parents did not understand them at all.What had gone wrong?Why had the generation gap suddenly appeared?Actually ,the generation gap has been around for a long time.Many people argue that it is built into every part of our society.One important cause of the generation gap is the opportunity that young people have to choose their own ways of life.In a more traditional society.when children grow up ,they are expected to live in the same area as their parents,to marry people that their parents know and like,and often to continue the family jobs.In our society,young people often travel great distances for their education.move out of the family at an early age,marry or live with people whom their patents have never met ,and choose jobs different from those of their parents.In our society,parents often expect their children to do better than they did ,to find better jobs,to make more money and to do all the things they awere unable to do.Often ,that is another cause of the gap between them.Often ,they discover that they have very little in common with each other.Finally ,the speed at which changes take place in our society is the third cause of the gap between the generations.In a traditional culture,senior people are valued for their knowledge ,but in our society the knowledge of a life time may become out of date.The young and the old seem to live in two very different worlds,separated by different skills and abilities.No doubt ,the generation gap will continue in American life for some time to come.1.The first paragraph tells us that()A)the problem of the generation gap draws much attention from people B)it is out of date to talk about the generation gap
本卷共10页 第 1 页(另附答题纸2张)C)children and parents are trying to understand each other D)it is very important for people to frequently communicate with each other 2.In a more traditional society,old people()A)have their children respect and listen to them B)do not care of their children at all C)expect their children to rebel against them D)do not live together with their children 3.In American society young people()A)do not neet to find jobs B)marry people younger than them C)have better education than their parents D)leave home at an early age 4.Which of the following is NOT the cause of the generation gap? A)Young people like to depend more on themselves B)Parents do not love their children dearly C)American society changes rapidly D)Parents expect too much of their children 5.The main idea of the passage is()A)that the generation gap needs considering
B)when the generation gap is necessary in American society C)why the generation gap exists
D)how we can reduce the generation gap Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: Telephone,television,radio,and the internet help people communicate with each other.Because of these devices,ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world.For example ,within seconds,people can know the results of an election(选举)in another country.An international football match comes into the homes of everyone with a television set.News of disaster(灾难),such as a flood,can bring help from distant countries.Within hours ,help is on the way.This is because modern technology information travels fast.How has this speed of communication changed the world?To many people,the world has become smaller.Of course ,this does not mean that the world is actually physically smaller.It means that the world seems smaller.Two hundren years ago,communication between the continents took a long time.All news was carried on ships that took weeks or even monthsto cross the oceans.In the 17th and 18th centuries,it took six weeks for news from Europe to reach the Americas.This time difference influenced people’s actions.For example,a few battles in the war of 1812 between England and the United State could have been avoided.A peace agreement had already been signed.Peace was made in
本卷共10页 第 2 页(另附答题纸2张)England ,but the news of peace took six weeks to reach America.During these six weeks,the large and serious Battle of New Orleans(新奥尔良)was fought.Many people lost their lives after a peace treaty had been signed.They would not have died of news had come in time ,In the past ,communication took much more time than it does now.There was a good reason why the world seemed so much larger than it does today.6.News spreads fast because of()A)modern transportation B)new technology C)the changes of the world D)a peace agreement 7.Acoording to this passage,()is very important to people in a disaster area.A)fast communication B)modern technology C)the news D)new ideas 8.Which of the following statements is true based on the text? A)The world now seems smaller because of faster communication B)The world is actually smaller today C)The world is changing in size D)The distance between England and America has changed since the War of 1812 9.Two hundred years ago ,news between the continents was carried()A)by teleplone B)by land C)by air D)by sea 10.The New Orleans Battle was fought because()A)the peace agreement had not been signed by both sides B)the peace agreement had not been signed in time C)the peace agreement had not been signed in America D)the peace agreement had not been signed in England Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: Doreen Sykora is now a junior at MeGill Universiey.She had a difficult time when she first began college.She said,”I was always well prepared for my examinations.But I would go into class to take the exam,and I would fall apart.I could not answer the questions correctly---even though I knew the answers!I would just blank out because of nervousness and fear.” Hitoshi Sakamoto,an anthropology student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.本卷共10页 第 3 页(另附答题纸2张)These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety.Because a student worries and is stressed about a test,his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does.The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.Now there are special university courses to help students.In these courses,advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety.Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it.First students take a practice test to measure their worry level.If the tests show that their stress level is high,the students can take a short course to manage the fear.Theae courses teach students how to relax their bodies.They get training to become calm in very tense situations.By controlling gheir nervousness,they can let their minds work more easily.Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course.She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods.”mostly,what I do is imagine myself in a very calm place.Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil.I move slowly and carefully.I breathe easily and let all the tension out.With each treath,more worry leaves me.It really works too.My grades have improved greatly!I’m really doing well at MeGill now.This relaxation method works not only on examinations,but it has improved the rest of my life as well”
For Hitoshi in Tokyo ,The results were much the same.He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.11.What is the similarity between Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto? A)Students from the same university B)Failing in all the examinations C)Experiences of test anxiety D)Having the same poor studying habits 12.These are signs of test anxiety EXCEPT()A)worries about a test B)stressed about a test C)low grades and poor study habits D)nervousness during the test 13.What’sthe purpose of some special university student-help course? A)To help students to reduce test anxiety B)To show a stress level experienced by students C)To learn more knowledge about test anxiety D)To have a better understanding of test anxiety 14.What’s the meaning of “blank out”in paragraph one ? A)To be like a blanket
本卷共10页 第 4 页(另附答题纸2张)B)To be sure of an answer C)To be relaxed D)To be unable to think clearly 15.What’s the organization of the passage? A)Examples—theories---ideas B)Problem—strategy—result C)General statement—examples—result D)Strategy—experiment—examples Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage: Banks are not ordinarily prepared to pay out all accounts:they rely on depositors(存款人)not to demand payment all at the same time.If depositors should come to fear that a bank couldn’t pay off all its depositors,then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day.If they did ,the bank could not pay all accounts.However,if they did not all appear at once,then there would always be funds to pay those who wanted their money when they wanted it.Mrs.Elsie Vaught has told us of a terrifying bank run that she experienced.One day in December of 1925 several banks failed to open in a city whese she lived.The other banks anticipated a run the next day,and so the officers of the bank in which Mrs.Vaught worked as a teller(出纳员)had enough funds on hand to pay off as many depositors as might apply.The officers simply instructed the tellers to pay on demand.Next morning a crowd gathered in the bank and on the sidewalk outside.The length of the line convinced many that the bank could not possibly pay off everyone.People began to push and then to fight for places near the teller’s windows.Clothing was torn and limbs broken,but the jam continued for hours.The power of the panicatmosphere is evident in the fact that two tellers,though they knew that the bank was sound and could pay out all depositors,nevertheless withdrew the funds in their own accounts.Mrs.Vaught says that she had difficulty restraining herself from doing the same 16.A bank run occurs when()A)a bank is closed for one or more days B)employees of a bank take their own funds out of the bank C)too many depositors attempt to draw out their money at one time D)there appear long lines in front of the tellers’windows 17.What happened to some of the customers of the band where Mrs.Vaught worked? A)They lost their money B)They got injured C)They had to leave part of their money in the bank D)They were forced to put their money into other banks
本卷共10页 第 5 页(另附答题纸2张)18.The essential cause of a run on bank is()A)lack of sufficient funds B)inefficient tellers C)too many depositors D)loss of confidence 19.The crowds gathered in Mrs.Vaught’s bank and on the sidewalk because of()A)doubt
B)greed
C)anger D)curiosity 20.According to the passage,the actions of the customers of Mrs.Vaught’s bank were influenced chiefly by()A)the failure of the bank to pay off everyone B)the failure of several banks to open C)the actions of the two tellers in the bank D)The difficulty with which they obtain their money Part II Vocabulary &Structure(40%)Directions:For each of the following sentences ,there are four choices marked ABCand D.Choose the one answer that best completes the sentences.21.They overcame all the difficulties and fulfilled the plan ten days ahead of schedule,()was something we had not expected.A)that B)this C)it D)which 22.If Dorothy had not been badly hurt in a car accident,()in last month’s marathon race.A)she would participate B)she might participate C)she would have participate D)she must have participated 23.I suddenly realized that he was trying to()quarreling with me.A)consider B)enjoy C)avoid D)prevent 24.The real trouble()their lack of confidence in their abilities.A)lies in B)lies on C)results in D)leads to
25.The team really looks good tonight because the coach had them()every night this week.A)practice B)to practice C)practiced D)practicing 26.Jane’s dress is similar in design()her sister’s.A)with B)like C)to C)as
27.The actual cost of the building was much higher than our original()A)consideration B)judgment C)estimate D)plan 28.The waiter walked out 9)the counter and began to drive the drunk out of the bar.A)from before B)form under C)from behind D)from across 29.We()that you knew the whole matter.A)thought it for sure B)regarded it for sure C)took it for certainty D)took it for granted
本卷共10页 第 6 页(另附答题纸2张)30.I prefer his plan to yours,()it is more practical and easier to be carried out A)for which B)for that C)in which D)in that 31.If I had remembered()the windows,the thief would not have got in.A)closing B)having closed C)to close D)to have closed 32.()mainly for the invention of the telephone ,Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.A)While remembering B)Though remembered C)To have remembered D)He is remembered 33.An ambulance(救护车)must have priority as it usually has to deal with some kind of()A)crisis B)urgency C)emergency D)emergence 34.It was difficult to guess what her()to the news would be.A)impression B)reaction C)comment D)opinion 35.Let’s hang up some paintings on these()walls.A)bare B)empty C)exposed D)located 36.Five sections()the examination.A)consist of B)are composed of C)constitute D)comprise of 37.Computers have been applied()almost every field nowadays.A)for
B)in C)at
D)to
38.He had reviewed his lessons(),and passed the exam at last.A)consequently B)continuously C)constantly D)consistently 39.When it()English ,he is the best in our class.A)comes about B)comes up to C)comes across D)comes to 40.Doubts began to()in my mind A)stick up
B)bring up C)spring up D)make up 41.()driving to work ,Mr.Randolph usually goes to his office by subway.A)Rather than B)Without C)Instead of
D)In spite of 42.California relies heavily on income from fruit crops,and()A)also does florida B)so Florida does C)so does Florida D)Florida does either 43.There was no point()him to come early since everything was ready.A)to ask B)to have asked C)being asking D)in asking 44.I’ll finish the job,()long it takes.A)no matter however B)no matter how C)no matter so D)no matter rather 45.It’s the()in this country to go out and pick flowers on the first day of spring.A)custom B)conduct C)habit D)customs 46.This place was regarded as()for settlement.A)unable B)uncertain C)unjust D)unfit
本卷共10页 第 7 页(另附答题纸2张)47.The freshmen already have()to the best library books.A)references B)courses C)authority D)access 48.He()me to give up the holidays in Spain next month.A)accompanied B)agreed C)persuaded D)promoted 49.They hope to start a small company,but they are not too sure how to()it A)run B)try C)found D)contact 50.The Peace Hotel is a high building(),these shops nearby are very small.A)In this way B)In contrast C)In addition D)On the contrary 51.Concerning this matter you should be well advised to()a lawyer.A)declare B)identify C)consult D)inspect 52.Some scientists believed that mine would be()within five years.A)exploded B)explored C)exported D)exhausted 53.We arranged to meet at the station ,but she didn’t()A)turn on B)turn out C)turn round D)turn up 54.It isn’t the sort of thing one should talk of().A)in turn B)in company C)in contrast D)in private 55.Scientists are still()inventing new methods of reaching outer space.A)working on B)working as C)working out D)working with 56.The teacher had a pleasant talk with those students()were models of diligence(勤奋)A)two of which B)two of these C)two of whom D)tow of them 57.The two boys had so()in common that they soon became good friends.A)little B)few C)much D)many 58.Our students are free to study()interests them.A)whatever B)that C)which D)anything 59.Under no circumstances()to such a proposal.A)could the director agree.B)the director agreed C)the director will agree D)the director did agree 60.By the end of this week,they()a solution to the problem.A)are finding
B)will be finding C)will have found D)have found Part III.Translation(20%)Section A Directions:Translate the following sentences into Chinese 61.As far as the method itself is concerned,it is worth trying.The trouble is we don’t have enough hands.62.I don’t think the idea can be put into practice.One reason is that we don’t have the necessary funds.Another reason is that we don’t have the manpower needed to complete it.63.You can obtain no goal if you don’t have an honest attitude and a strong will.本卷共10页 第 8 页(另附答题纸2张)64.No matter how much advice you give him ,he does exactly what he wants.65.Most of her poems were not published until after her death in 1886.Section B Directions:Translate the following sentences into English 66.很多美国人喜欢驾车旅行,而不喜欢乘其它的交通工具。67.几天前,由三名医生和两名护士组成的医疗队出发去山区了。68.不言而喻,青年人的教育对于一个国家的未来是至关重要的。
69.起初,这个复杂的问题使他们感到灰心,但经过仔细思考他们终于研究出了解决办法。
70.一切都表明他们的计划出了问题。
本卷共10页 第 9 页(另附答题纸2张)
化 工 原 理Ⅰ
Principles of Chemical Engineering
总学时:48 总学分:3 课程性质:技术基础课
开设学期及周学时分配:第4学期,每周3学时
适用专业及层次:化学工程与工艺、轻化工程、生物工程、生物技术、制药工程、药物制剂专业本科
相关课程:高等数学、物理化学、分离工程、传递过程原理等
教材:夏青、陈常贵编著,化工原理(上册),天津大学出版社,2005年 推荐参考书:
[1] 谭天恩、丁惠华等编著,化工原理,化学工业出版社,2000年 [2] 赵汝溥、管国锋编著,化工原理,化学工业出版社,1999年 [3] 陈敏恒、丛德滋等编著,化工原理,化学工业出版社,2001年 [4] 赵文、王晓红等编著,化工原理,石油大学出版社,2001年
一、课程目的与要求
本门课程的目的是为学生今后学习相关的专业课程打好工程技术理论基础,并使他们受到必要的基本工程技能训练。
本门课程的任务是使学生初步掌握化工过程的基本原理,以三种传递原理为主线,以物料衡算、能量衡算、平衡关系、传递速率等基本概念为理论依据,使学生掌握典型单元操作通用的学习方法和分析问题的思路,培养理论联系实际的观点,进行典型单元操作设备的设计、操作及选型的计算,并进行基本实验技能和设计能力的训练,以增强学生解决工程实际问题的能力。
化工原理属于工程学科,要求通过本门课程的学习,培养学生工程技术观点及独立分析和解决实际工程问题的能力。
二、课程主要内容及学时分配 0绪论(1学时)
化工单元操作的历史梗概;本课程的性质及物料衡算与热量衡算等化工原理研究方法。1流体流动(15学时)1.1 流体的物理性质
1.2 流体静力学方程式(2学时)
密度、压力、流体静力学基本方程式、静力学方程的应用(液柱压差计、液封、液 1 面测量)。
1.3 流体流动基本方程(3学时)
流量与流速、定态流动与非定态流动、连续性方程、柏努利方程、柏努利方程的应用。
1.4 流体流动现象(2学时)
牛顿粘性定律、粘度、非牛顿型流体、流动型态和雷诺准数、管内层流与湍流的比较、边界层概念。
1.5 管内流动阻力损失(4学时)
阻力计算通式、圆形直管内层流流动阻力损失、因次分析法、圆形直管内湍流流动损失、非圆形管内流动阻力、局部阻力。1.6 管路计算(2学时)
管路计算的类型和基本方法(设计型和操作型)、试差法、复杂管路计算(分支、并联)。
1.7 流量测量(2学时)
测速管、孔板流量计、转子流量计。流体输送机械(7学时)2.1 离心泵(5学时)
离心泵工作原理及主要构件、基本方程式、主要性能参数、特性曲线、安装高度、工作点及流量调节、组合操作、类型与选用。2.2 其他类型泵(1学时)
往复泵、计量泵、隔膜泵、齿轮泵、旋涡泵。2.3 气体输送机械(1学时)
离心式通风机、鼓风机、压缩机、旋转鼓风机、往复压缩机、真空泵。非均相物系的分离和固体流态化(5学时)3.1颗粒及颗粒床层的特性(1学时)
颗粒、颗粒床层的特性、流体通过床层的压降 3.2 沉降分离(2学时)
重力沉降、离心沉降 3.3 过滤(1学时)
过滤基本概念、基本方程式、恒压过滤、恒速过滤及过滤设备 3.4 固体流态化(1学时)
流态化的基本概念、流化床的主要特征及操作特性 4 传热(16学时)4.1 概述
4.2 热传导(2学时)
付立叶定律、导热系数、平壁和圆筒壁的定态热传导。4.3 对流传热(4学时)
对流传热分析、传热边界层、对流传热系数的影响因数、因此分析在对流传热中的应用、流体作强制对流和自然对流时的对流传热系数、蒸汽冷凝和液体沸腾时的对流传热系数。
4.4 传热过程计算(4学时)
总传热速率方程、热量衡算、总传热系数、平均温度差、传热面积、传热单元数法。4.5 对流传热系数关联式(2学时)
影响对流传热系数的因素、流体有相变、无相变时的对流传热系数 4.6 辐射传热(2学时)
基本概念、物体的辐射能力、物体间的辐射传热、对流和辐射的联合传热。4.7 换热器(2学时)
换热器类型、换热器传热过程的强化途径、列管换热器的设计和选用。5 蒸发(4学时)5.1 蒸发设备(1学时)
蒸发器结构、辅助设备及选型 5.2 单效蒸发(2学时)
溶液沸点和温度差损失、单效蒸发计算、蒸发器的生产能力和生产强度 5.3 多效蒸发(1学时)
多效蒸发的操作流程、计算、与单效蒸发的比较及提高经济性的手段 三 教学重点与难点 1 流体流动 本章重点:
(1)静力学基本方程的意义及应用
(2)连续性方程、柏努力方程的物理意义、适用条件、应用柏努力方程解题的要点和注意事项。
(3)雷诺准数的意义及流动型态的判断
(4)管路系统总能量损失的测量及计算(包括相关数据的获得)本章难点:
柏努力方程的应用,运用静力学方程解题时等压面的选取为本章难点。2 流体输送机械 本章重点:(1)离心泵的基本结构、工作原理及离心泵特性曲线的应用
(2)掌握离心泵汽蚀现象的定义和安装高度的计算,了解操作特性、安装及选型。本章难点:
离心泵基本方程式的推导 3 非均相物系的分离和固体流态化 本章重点:
(1)沉降分离(包括重力沉降和离心沉降)的原理、过程计算和相关典型设备的选型。(2)过滤操作的原理,恒压过滤的计算、过滤常数的测定。(3)固体流态化的基本概念、流化床的主要特征及操作特性。本章难点:
如何将理论上讨论的颗粒与流体间相对运动问题,运用于实现非均相物系分离、固体流态化技术及固体颗粒的气力输送等工业过程。4 传热 本章重点:
(1)单层、多层平壁热传导速率方程,单层、多层圆筒壁热传导速率方程及其应用。(2)换热器的能量衡算,总传热速率方程和总传热系数的计算,用平均温度差法进行传热计算。
(3)对流传热系数的影响因素及因次分析法。本章难点:
对于传热单元数法的理解和运用;换热器的设计计算 5 蒸发 本章重点:
掌握单效蒸发中关于溶液的沸点和温度差及生产能力和生产强度的计算。本章难点: 本章无难点 四 主要教学方法
(1)在讲授每一章、每一节时,先用框图、表格、自行总结和提炼的几句话等形式简明扼要地向学生讲清本章、本节、本次课的主要内容,知识体系,教学思路、知识的前后联系,以及重点、难点、注意事项等,让学生在学习具体内容前先有一个整体上轮廓式的了解,做到心中有数,听课有针对性。
(2)关键是突出重点、破解难点。把重点和难点讲清、讲透。
(3)每讲完一节、一章后引导学生及时进行归纳总结、搞清知识点之间的联系,搞清理论在实际生产中的应用,注重理论联系实际,起到举一反
三、触类旁通的作用。(4)坚持以课堂教学为主,同时结合采用投影、实物模型、电化教学、多媒体CAI课件等 教学手段进行辅助教学,以不断提高教学效果。五 典型作业练习第一章 流体流动
1. 如图所示,在两个压强不同的密闭容器A,B内充满了密度
为 的液体,两容器的上部与下部分别连接两支规格相同 的液体。试 的U行管水银压差计,连接管内充满密度为
回答:
(1)pM和pN的关系;
(2)判断1-2,2-3,3-4及5-6,6-7,7-8等对应截面上 的压强是否相等;
(3)两压差计读数R与H的关系。
2. 本题附图所示为一输水系统,高位槽的水面维持恒定,水分别从BC与BD两支管排出,高位槽液面与两支管出口间的距离为11m。AB管段内径为38mm、长为58m;BC支管的内径为32mm、长为12.5m;BD支管的内径为26mm、长为14m,各段长均包括管件及阀门全开时的当量长度。AB与BC管段的摩擦系数均可取为0.03。试计算:(1)当BD支管的阀门关闭时,BC支管的最大排水量为若干,m3/h?(2)当所有的阀门全开时,两支管的排水量各为若干,m3/h?BD支管的管壁粗糙度可取为0.15mm,水的密度为1000kg/m3,粘度为0.001Pa·s。
第一章 流体输送机械
1. 用4B15型的离心泵将常压、20℃的清水送往A、B两槽,其流量均为25m/h,主管段长50m,管内径为100mm,OA与OB段管长均为40m,管内径均为60mm(以上各管段长度包括局部阻力的当量长度,OB段的阀门除外)。假设所有管段内的流动皆进入阻力平方区,且摩擦系数λ=0.02。分支点处局部阻力可忽略。试求:
(1)泵的压头与有效功率;
(2)支路OB中阀门的局部阻力系数ζ;
(3)若吸入管线长(包括局部阻力当量长度)为4m,泵的允许吸上真空度为5m,试确定泵的安装高度。
3第二章 机械分离及固体流态化
1. 在0.04m的过滤面积上以1×10m/s的速率进行恒速过滤试验。测得过滤100s时,过滤压力为3×10Pa;过滤600s时,过滤压力为9×10Pa。滤饼为不可压缩。今欲用框内尺寸为635×635×60mm的板框过滤机处理同一料浆,所用滤布与试验时的相同。过滤开始时,以与试验相同的滤液流速进行恒速过滤,在过滤压力达到6×10Pa时改为恒压操作。每获得1m滤液所生成的滤饼体积为0.02m。试求框内充满滤饼所需的时间。第三章 传热
1.有一套管换热器,长为6m内管内径为38mm。环隙间用110℃的饱和水蒸气加热管内湍流的空气(Re>104)。空气由25℃被加热到60℃。若将内管改为f25×2.5mm,而长度仍为6m,试计算能否完成传热任务。若欲维持气体出口温度,定性分析可采取的措施(计算时可作合理简化)。
2.有一单程列管式换热器,内装有f25×2.5mm的钢管300根,管长为2m。要求将质量流量为8000kg/h的常压空气于管程由20℃加热到85℃,选用108℃的饱和蒸气在壳方冷凝加热。若蒸气的冷凝传热膜系数为1×104W/m2·K,忽略管壁及两侧污垢热阻和热损失。已知空气在平均温度下的物性常数为Cp =1kJ/kg·K,l=2.85×10-2W/m·K,m=1.98×10-5Pa·s,Pr=0.7。试求:(1)空气在管内的对流传热系数;
(2)换热器的总传热系数(以管子外表面为基准);(3)通过计算说明该换热器能否满足需要;(4)计算说明管壁温度接近哪一侧的流体温度。
3.有一列管换热器由f25×2.5mm的120 根钢管组成。110℃的饱和水蒸气在壳方冷凝以加热在管内作湍流流动的某液体,且冷凝水在饱和温度下排出。已知液体平均比热为4.187 kJ/kg·℃,由15℃加热到90℃。管内对流传热系数为ai=800W/m2·℃,蒸气冷凝的对流传热系数ao=1.1×104W/m2·℃,忽略污垢热阻、壁阻和热损失,每小时收集冷凝水2100kg,在饱和温度下蒸气冷凝潜热g=2232kJ/kg,试求:(1)每小时可处理的液体量;(2)管程单程时的列管有效长度;
(3)其它条件均保持不变,将120根钢管改为两管程,列管有效长度为多少。第四章 蒸发(无计算要求)六 课程考核方式
本课程的理论课采用期末闭卷笔试的方式考核。
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