英语四级经典优秀作文

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英语四级经典优秀作文(精选8篇)

英语四级经典优秀作文 篇1

正反观点对比题目:

第一段一般只写三句。

第一句:It is widely believed by many people for some time that...第二句:One reason they think is that...第三句:The other reason they hold is that...第二段一般只写三句。

第一句:While others argue that...第二句:They maintain that...第三句:They also claim that...第三段写四句。

第一句:From what has been discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that...第二句:On the one hand,...第三句:On the other hand,...第四句:Only in this way can we...图表作文:

第一段只写三句:

第一句:As is shown in the graph above, we can see clearly that great changes have taken place in … from…to…

第二句:The first … years saw…

第三句:The last … years witnessed …

第二段只写四句:

第一句:What has caused this problem? It seems to me that there are … reasons.第二句:Firstly, …

第三句:Secondly,…

第四句:Finally,…

第三段只写四句:

第一句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.第二句:For one thing, …

第三句:For another, …

第四句:Only in this way can we successfully solve the problem.现象作文

第一段只写两句:

第一句:In recent years, there has been…

第二句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.第二段只写四句:

第一句:What has caused this problem? It seems to me that there are … reasons.第二句:Firstly, …

第三句:Secondly,…

第四句:Finally,…

第三段只写四句:

第一句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.第二句:For one thing, …

第三句:For another, …

第四句:Only in this way can we successfully solve the problem.书信作文:

第一段只写两句:

第一句:I am writing this letter today to …

第二句:My name is … and I am …

第二段按照题目要求写:

第三段只写三句:

第一句:I sincerely hope you can take my letter seriously.第二句:Your prompt response will be highly appreciated.第三句:Thanks a lot for your time and consideration.谚语作文:

第一段只写四句:

第一句:It is … that …

第二句:You cannot … until you …

第三句:The more you …, the more …

第四句:If you …, you …

第二段举例写:

第一句:Examples can be easily found to make a case for this proverb.第二句:Let’s take … for instance.第三句:Another illustration of this is…

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后果

1.It may give rise to a host of problems.2.The immediate result it produces is...3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...4.Its consequence can be so great that...批驳

英语四级经典优秀作文 篇2

翻译要讲究“忠实、通顺”, 讲究“归化、异化”, 讲究“功能对等”。下面10则笑话为笔者所译。现一并呈请读者欣赏, 也可以考虑在适当的时候用于教学。

1. A professor tapped on his desk and shouted:

“Gentlemen, order!”

The entire class yelled:“Beer!”

教授敲着讲桌, 叫道:“先生们, 轻 (请) 点!”

全班同学高喊道:“啤酒!”

2. Teacher: (to a new boy) What’s your name, my little fellow?

New boy:Albert Aries.

Teacher:Always say“Sir”please, when you are speaking to a master.It is more polite.

New boy: (apologetically) Sir Albert Aries.

老师: (对一位新来的男生说) 叫什么名字啊, 小家伙?

新生:阿尔伯特·阿瑞斯。

老师:跟老师讲话时要说“先生”, 这样比较有礼貌。

新生: (带歉意地) 阿尔伯特·阿瑞斯“先生”。

3. Teacher:What is the sentence mostly used by students?

Tom:I don’t know.

Teacher:That’s it!

老师:学生使用最多的句子是什么?

汤姆:不知道。

老师:就是这句话。

4. Boy of six:Daddy, when I grow up, I want to be an Arctic explorer.

Father:That’s fine, Bill.

Boy:But I want to go into training at once.

Father:How so?

Boy:Well, I want a dollar a day for ice cream, so I will get used to the cold.

六岁男孩:老爸, 我长大了想当北极探险家。

父亲:那好啊, 比尔。

男孩:可我想马上开始锻炼。

父亲:怎么个锻炼法?

男孩:哦, 我想每天要一块钱买冰淇淋吃, 那我就不会怕冷了。

5. A couple walking in the park noticed a youngman and woman sitting on a bench, passionately kissing.

“Why don’t you do that?”said the wife.

“Honey, ”replied her husband, “I don’t even know that woman!”

一对夫妇在公园里散步, 看见一对青年男女坐在长凳上热吻。

“你为什么不吻呢?”妻子说。

“亲爱的, ”她丈夫回答说:“那女的我根本就不认识啊!”

6. Son:Dad, is French difficult to learn?

Father:My boy, at the beginning it is, but after that it becomes easy.

Son:That’s great!I’ll learn the latter half.

儿子:老爸, 法语难学吗?

父亲:孩子啊, 前面是难, 可后面就变得容易啦。

儿子:好极了!我学后半部分。

7.“I shall have to give you ten days or$20, ”said the judge.

“I’ll take the 20 dollars, judge, ”said the prisoner.

“我要给你10天监禁, 或者20美元罚款。”法官说。

“我要20美元, 法官。”犯人说。

8. Teacher:What’s an abstract noun, Jane?

Jane:I don’t know, madam.

Teacher:What, you don’t know!Well, it’s the name of a thing which you can think of but cannot touch.Now, give me an example.

Jane:A red-hot poker, madam.

老师:什么是抽象名词, 珍妮?

珍妮:我不知道, 老师。

老师:什么, 你不知道!好吧, 抽象名词就是可以想象但不能触摸的东西的名称。现在给我举个例子。

珍妮:老师, 烧得通红的拨火棍。

9.One evening I drove my husband’s car to the shopping mall.On my return, I noticed how dusty the outside of his car was and cleared it up a bit.When I finally entered the house, I called out, “The woman who loves you the most in the world just cleaned your headlights and windshield.”

My husband looked up and said:“Mom’s here?”

一天晚上我开着丈夫的车去商场, 回来发现车身满是灰尘, 便清理了一下。最后走进屋子的时候, 我大声喊道:“世界上最爱你的女人刚把你的汽车的前灯和挡风玻璃擦干净了。”

我丈夫抬头看了看, 问:“妈来了?”

10.Mrs.White asked Mr.White:“Is this suit beautiful?”

Mr.White answered:“Whatever you wear is beautiful.”

“How about the necklace?”

“Any necklace around your neck is nice.”

“Do you think my husband handsome?”

“Darling, no matter which man stands beside you, he is handsome.”

怀特太太问怀特先生:“这套衣服漂亮吗?”

怀特先生回答说:“穿在你身上的都漂亮。”

“这条项链呢?”

“戴在你脖子上的项链都好看。”

“你说我丈夫英俊吗?”

“亲爱的, 无论哪个男人站在你身边, 他都英俊。”

蹩脚英语经典范例 篇3

× I think I can’t.

√ I don’t think I can.

Note: 这一是个习惯用法,在语法上称为否定前置。就是汉语里面说“我想我不会”的时候,英语里面总是说“我不认为我会”。以后在说类似的英语句子的时候,可要多加注意哦。

2. 这个价格对我挺合适的。

× The price is very suitable for me.

√ The price is right.

Note: suitable最常见的用法是以否定的形式出现在告示或通知上,如:The following programme is not suitable for children.(下列节目儿童不宜。)

3. 明天我有事情要做。

× I have something to do tomorrow.

√ Sorry but I am tied up tomorrow.

Note: 用I have something to do来表示你很忙,这也往往是中国式的说法。因为每时每刻我们都有事情要做,躺在那里睡大觉也是事情。所以你可以说:“我很忙,脱不开身。”I’m tied up. 还有其他的说法:I think I can’t make it at that time. / I’d love to, but I can’t, I have to stay at home.

4. 我的英语很糟糕。

× My English is poor.

√ I am not 100% fluent, but at least I am improving.

Note: 有人开玩笑说,全中国人最擅长的一句英文是:My English is poor. 却极少听到会有美国人对咱们说:My Chinese is poor. 无论他们的汉语是好是坏,他们会说: I am still having a few problem, but I getting better. 当你告诉外国人,你的英语很poor时,so what? 是要让别人当场施舍给我们一些英语呢,还是说我的英语不好,咱们别谈了吧。

一边不停地学英语,一边不停地说自己的英语很poor, 这正像有人一边给车胎充气,另一边在车胎上扎孔。

你可以实事求事地说,我的英语还不算十分流利,但至少我在进步。

5. 我没有男朋友。

× I have no boyfriend.

√ I don’t have a boyfriend.

高中英语作文优秀经典 篇4

Calligraphy is the essence of Chinese culture, which has developed into aspecial high-level art apart from satisfying the needs of daily writing. It hasbeen flourishing for thousands of years inChina. Shops with strong commercialatmosphere will gain some elegance if they are decorated with some quaintcultural calligraphic works. Sitting rooms, studies and bedrooms can benice-looking with calligraphy works decorated. As a kind of art work, thewriting of calligraphy is particular. The Chinese characters are written on Xuanpaper which absorbs ink very well and then are mounted to hang on a wall. Thecalligraphy works are mostly a poem or a motto that the host of the room likesit much; if it is written by the host himself, it will demonstrate more hisaspiration and interest as well as his talent.

英语作文经典句型 篇5

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

It is widely/universally acknowledged/recongnised that 从句 全世界都知道…

例句:

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

It is time S 过去式 该是…的时候了

例句:

可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

It is conceivable that 从句 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that 从句 (www.fwsir.Com)(明显的)

It is apparent that 从句 (显然的)

例句:

帮助别人是值得的

It pays to help others.

中考英语作文经典句型 篇6

(一)It is –to do something 1.It is important to eat regular meals.It is difficult for me to do well in main subject such as Chinese, English and Math.It is good for us to do the jogging.(二)It is—that It is a pity that some people drop litter on the street. It is natural that parents will love their children.It is true that students are under pressure at school.(三)It is V-ed____that It is said that the number of students will rise by 10%.It is thought that studying abroad can enrich one ‘s knowledge.I t is known that English is useful in future.(四)It seems ____that It seems that the rain is coming.It seems that John loves music very much.It seems to me that the teacher is kind ,friendly and wise.(五)It takes____to It took me three days to write the essay.It takes hard work to achieve success.It takes three school boys to carry the box.(六)It costs ____to

It costs John a great deal of money to take the trip.It costs him 50yuan to buy the ticket.How much does it cost John to study abroad?(七)find it ____to

I find it exciting to go mountain climbing.I find it hard to explain the matter to my parents.You will find it interesting to study English.(八)make it ___to/that

His laziness made it impossible for him to achieve success.I make it a rule to listen to some music before going to bed.He made it clear that he would enter the piano competition.(九)think it ___that / whether

I think it certain that our team will win the competition.I think it necessary that you should memorize English words every day.I think it doubtful whether he will turn the water on softer.(十)too___to

Mary was too tired to walk any more.Tom had too much homework to go picnicking with his family members.They are too poor to give their children good education.(十一)how to _____

He does not know how to sort the rubbish into two groups.How to lead a happy life is an important question to everyone.(十二)What to _______

Tell us what to do to protect the environment.Ask your teacher what to do to improve oral English.(十三)when /where to ____

I am not sure when to make a complaint.You need to know where to find help when traveling abroad.(十三)want ____to I want him to work hard.(十四)ask _____to

The teacher asked us to wait a minute.(十五)enable ____to

High technology enables us to enjoy a comfortable life.(十六)allow ________to

The father allowed his son to travel abroad alone.(十七)force _______to

My parents always force me to do things against my will.The heavy schoolwork forced me to cancel the camping.(十八)encourage _______to

The teacher encouraged me to gain full marks in English.(十九)have ________do sth My mother had me fold up the blankets.(二十)hear _________do sth.I hear him sing.(二十一)see __________do sth I have never seen him smile.(二十二)notice __________do sth.l I notice him leave the water running.I notice no one offer his or her seat to the old man.(二十三)help ______do sth.John helped the old lady carry bags.(二十四)

make ________do sth.My mother mad me come home no later than 10 pm My mother mad me peel apples.(二十五)go doing We went swimming at the foot of the mountain.(二十六)be busy doing

I was busy preparing for the final exam.(二十七)cannot help doing I cannot help laughing aloud.(二十八)feel like doing

I feel like going to England for a visit next summer holiday.(二十九)be worth doing The teenage magazine is worth reading.Beijing is a city worth visiting.(三十)

without doing

Tom threw the exam paper in the bin without looking at it.(三十一)

prevent _______from doing

Illness prevented me from going to school.Poor English prevents him from getting a highly-paid job.Illness prevents him from working around the clock.(三十二)

stop _____from doing

The teacher stopped John from playing computer games.(三十三)

keep_____from doing The heavy rain kept us from planting trees this morning.(三十四)

protect ___from doing

The thick overcoat protected him from being frozen to death.(三十五)

discourage ______from doing

Failure in one exam will not discourage me from trying again.No difficulty could discourage me from realizing my dream.(三十六)

have to do sth

I have to hand in homework this afternoon.We had to wait half an hour at the school gate.(三十七)

used to do sth

People used to organize a dinner party at weekends.I found the city different from what it used to be.(三十八)

would like to do sth

I would like to keep a diary in English.A lot of parents would like to take their children to school by car.(三十九)

would rather do sth ______than do

I would rather stay home than go hill climbing with my fellow students.I would rather use public transport than private cars.(四十)

prefer_______to ______ I prefer music to painting.(四十一)

not only ______but also He is not only clever but also kind.(四十二)

either ____or Can you speak either French or German ?(四十三)

neither _______nor

Neither my class nor I was able to solve the math problem.(四十四)

both ________and Mr.Li‘s book is both interesting and useful.Both my parents and I are satisfied with the test score.(四十五)

so that

_______ may not

Read the questions carefully so that you may not make mistakes in the exam.(四十六)

in order to _____

My parents word hard in order to support my schooling.(四十七)

It is true that ____, but

It is true that he is rich ,but he displays unacceptable behavior.(四十八)

as _______as His face turned as white as a sheet of paper.(四十九)

not so _____as He is not so young as he looks(五十)

…times as ___as This room is four times as large as that one.(五十一)

as long as______ Most students have been studying English as long as 6 years.(五十二)

as early as ______ I took dancing lessons as early as three years old.(五十三)

the 比较级——,the 比较级—— The harder you work, the ore likely you are to get good marks.(五十四)

比较级+than any other _____ John is taller than any other student in his class.(五十五)

It is _______ It is seven o’clock.It is clear and windy.It is getting dark.(五十六)

There be ______ There is a desk next to the window.There is a sofa between the desk and the bookshelf.(五十七)

some___, others ___,and still others ____ Some love movies ,others enjoy reading and still others like to play sports.(五十八)

cannot wait to ____ The students cannot wait to see the movie.The students cannot wait to check the exam results.(五十九)

be used to doing _____ Tom was used to wearing colorful clothes.Tom is used to jogging in the morning.(六十)

It happens that———— It happened that she forgot the key.(六十一)

have no other _____except to We have no other goal except to achieve success.We have no other purpose except to help people.(六十二)On doing _______sb_______ On hearing the news ,he lost his temper.(五十)

…times as ___as This room is four times as large as that one.(五十一)

as long as______

Most students have been studying English as long as 6 years.(五十二)

as early as ______

I took dancing lessons as early as three years old.(五十三)

the 比较级——,the 比较级—— The harder you work, the ore likely you are to get good marks.(五十四)

比较级+than any other _____ John is taller than any other student in his class.(五十五)

It is _______ It is seven o’clock.It is clear and windy.It is getting dark.(五十六)

There be ______

There is a desk next to the window.There is a sofa between the desk and the bookshelf.(五十七)

some___, others ___,and still others ____ Some love movies ,others enjoy reading and still others like to play sports.(五十八)

cannot wait to ____ The students cannot wait to see the movie.The students cannot wait to check the exam results.(五十九)

be used to doing _____ Tom was used to wearing colorful clothes.Tom is used to jogging in the morning.(六十)

It happens that———— It happened that she forgot the key.(六十一)

have no other _____except to We have no other goal except to achieve success.We have no other purpose except to help people.(六十二)

On doing _______sb_______

英语四级经典优秀作文 篇7

一般认为, 西方译学研究在20世纪60和70年代的突飞猛进主要得益于语言学的快速发展, 而在近二十年里, 文化研究、文学研究、人类学、信息科学、认知科学、心理学和广义上的语言学等均对翻译学科的发展起了较大的推进作用。然而, 翻译理论作为一门具体学科, 很难超越自身的理论框架而进行全面的反思。一方面, 广泛吸收的营养不断地促进着译学理论的发展;另一方面, 相互冲撞的思潮又同样不停地摇摆着译学理论的方向, 为此, 西方译学可谓丰富多彩, 尤其是近年来, 西方译学理论呈现出百家争鸣的局面。由于西方译学作为一门独立学科, 很难超越自身的理论框架进行较深刻反思, 因此解构主义等思潮的冲击下的西方译学理论所指导下的翻译实践既有成功的范例, 也存在诸多困惑, 隶属于西方译学的英语翻译也莫能例外。

为此, 笔者在进行英语翻译实践的过程中, 也一直在关注着西方文学理论的发展, 试图得到一种能够在新的理论高度对英语翻译高屋建瓴式启发的理论。笔者发现, 兴起于美洲并在20世纪90年代以后蓬勃发展的后经典叙事学, 是在完成解构主义和政治文化批评夹攻之下的日渐衰微的叙事学的拯救的过程中发展起来的。而作为西方叙事学理论的一种全新范式, “这一新的理论范式……与诸多外在要素相关联, 并与已经存在的大量其他的研究方法, 诸如女权主义、巴赫金主义、解构主义、读者反映批评、精神分析、历史主义、修辞学、电影理论、话语分析以及 (精神) 语言等相沟通, 从而形成叙事理论研究融会贯通、向纵深发展的局面……”笔者认为, 在理论上具有前瞻性, 在形式上相对走向成熟又表现为巨大活力的后经典叙事学, 有望高屋建瓴地帮助发现和解决一些西方译学中存在的问题。为此, 笔者尝试性地在后经典叙事学理论视域下对英语翻译做了一些探索。

笔者的探索是从“语境”这个对后经典叙事学与英语翻译理论来说都极为重要的术语入手的。“语境”这个术语是由英国的人类学家马林诺夫斯基1923年提出来的。马林诺夫斯基是人类学功能学派的代表人物, 他在人类学的研究中时常涉及语言问题。英语翻译理论很难绕过“语境”, 恰如D.A.Swinnty指出的, 语境是影响词汇选择的主要因素, 忽略语境因素, 就难以达到对句子的充分理解。因为在交际过程中, 语言的意义通常是根据语境来确定的。而重视“语境”同时也是后经典叙事学的重要特征, 事实上, 由于后经典叙事学对语境的关注和强调, 以至于很多论者干脆又将后经典叙事学称为“语境叙事学”。

必须指出的是, 在英语翻译中, 传统的“语境”几乎是包罗万象的范畴。在后经典叙事学各个流派之间, 语境的含义也不尽相同。胡壮麟先生将语境分为“上下文”、“情景语境”和“文化语境”。伦敦学派语言学家马林诺夫斯基和弗斯的语境理论认为语境只包括“上下文”和“情景语境”。继弗斯之后, 韩礼德更加重视语言与社会的联系, 他认为语言是随语境的变化而变化的。翻译活动中的语境可以是文化语境, 即语篇外的文化背景;情景语境, 即原语读者和目的语读者作为共享的语境知识;文本语境, 即语篇内的信息内容。语用学中的关联理论提出了不同于传统意义的语境观, 在关联理论中, 语境被称为“语境假设”, 在交际过程中双方互明的共知环境称为“相互认知环境”。笔者体会, 这些语境划分方式较难直接指导具体的英语翻译实践。

笔者注意到, 在后经典叙事学中, 申丹教授在描述认知叙事学时认为, 语境不妨分为两大类:一是“叙事语境”, 二是“社会历史语境”。后者主要涉及与种族、性别、阶级等社会身份相关的意识形态关系;前者涉及的则是超社会身份的“叙事规约”或“文类规约” (“叙事”本身构成一个大的文类, 不同类型的叙事则构成其内部的次文类) 。将英语翻译的语境和后经典叙事学的语境相互对照, 笔者受到一些启发, 即前者所指文化语境与后者的社会历史语境有着异曲同工的含义, 而后者的含义更为广泛和细腻, 因而对于英语翻译的具体实践来说, 社会历史是语境有可能具有更为准确的指导意义。笔者同时发现, 后经典叙事学的“叙事语境”, 作为对在特定种类的叙事情境中的文类规约的描述, 则有可能引导英语翻译向特定行业的专有文本格式的规范进行深入探索。基于上述认识, 笔者不揣浅陋, 试提出一种英语翻译的三重语境划分模式, 即社会历史语境、叙事语境 (特定文本格式) 和上下文语境三重语境模式, 旨在抛砖引玉, 求教于方家。

社会历史语境包含了文化语境, 但是在文化语境之外, 还要涉及与种族、性别、阶级等社会身份相关的意识形态关系。在具体翻译实践中, 这种认识的优势就会很快显露出来。例如, 在英语里, “龙”一般被翻译成dragon。事实上, dragon的形象和内涵与中国的龙完全两样的。在西方文化中, dragon是恶魔的象征;西方神话中的英雄人物都以能够亲手杀掉一头dragon为荣;在西方媒介中, dragon被用来象征恐怖主义、德国法西斯、黑社会势力、财政赤字、政治麻烦、火灾等。为此, 在将中国龙给西方读者翻译成英语时, 就要考虑接受者所处的文化环境, 即文化语境问题。而如果我们将要面对一位对于我国本来就有一定政治偏见的西方来访客人翻译“水不在深, 有龙则灵”时, 则不但要考虑到文化语境, 还要考虑到对方的意识形态问题。此时如果把“龙”生硬地翻译成dragon而不加说明, 翻译的效果有可能就会不如人意, 现在已经有学者建议将“龙”翻译成既谐音又形象的“loong”。如果事先考虑到接受者所处的文化环境和个人见解的差异, 在翻译时给以恰当的解释和说明等, 则有可能会事先规避很多不愉快的过程。

同时, 如果我们在翻译的同时, 结合旅游景点的诗意环境, 运用带有诗句意境的英语语句来处理翻译语言, 则有可能意境全出, 产生意想不到的良好效果, 这就是关注了翻译过程的叙事语境。至于结合上下文而选用合适语句的翻译例子不胜枚举, 在此不再赘述。

事实上, 叙事语境的含义远远不仅如此。因为它涉及的是超社会身份的“叙事规约”或“文类规约” (“叙事”本身构成一个大的文类, 不同类型的叙事则构成其内部的次文类) 。在英语翻译中, 这将引申为因要翻译的文类或场景的不同而选择合适的文本形式, 而这些文本形式的格式、语言风格、常用术语等都有特定的要求。

例如, 科技英语 (EST:English for Science and Technology) 由于描述对象不同, 文体风格也大相径庭。作为特殊英语 (ESP:English for Special Purposes) 的一个分支, 在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面具有其自身的特点, 科技英语文体不以语言的艺术美为追求目标, 它讲究的是逻辑上的条理清楚和思维上的准确严密。科技英语把英语和专业知识完美结合起来, 用专业语言来说明客观存在的事物或事实, 叙述要求客观、真实、明确、简洁, 这就决定了它的文体风格:用词准确、语气正式、陈述客观、专业性强。再如, 中医英语翻译是一项十分艰巨的工作。这主要是因为中医是中国特有的一门医学体系, 从理论到实践都与现代医学迥然不同。而且就其本身而言, 中医又不仅仅是一门单一的医学科学, 而是中国古代文化的集大成者, 其多学科性自不待言。同时, 中医的大部分用语在西方各国语言中都没有对应语, 这更增加了翻译的难度。因此, 要从根本上解决这些问题, 就需要对其进行深入细致的研究分析, 找出解决问题的办法与途径来。英国中医英语翻译家魏迺杰 (Nigel Wiseman) 在谈到中医英语翻译时说:“Chinese medicine is difficult to translate, and there are few people able——and even fewer willing——to do it.”翻译成中文, 大意是说“中医难译, 很少有人能够——甚至更少有人愿意——从事这项工作。”我们看一下《黄帝内经》“上古天真论”中的一段译文。原文: (岐伯对曰) “上古之人, 其知道者, 法于阴阳, 和于术数, 食饮有节, 起居有常, 不妄作劳, 故能形与神俱, 而尽终其天年, 度百岁乃去。今时之人不然也, 以酒为浆, 以妄为常, 醉以入房, 以欲竭其精, 以耗散其真, 不知持满, 不时御神, 务快其心, 逆于生乐, 起居无节, 故半百而衰也。”译文如下:“The sages in ancient times who knew the Dao (道the way to keep in good health) , followed[the rules of]Yin and Yang and adjusted Shushu (术数the way to cultivate health) .[Theywere]moderate in eating and drinking as well as regular in working and resting, avoiding any overstrain[2].That is why they could maintain a desirable harmony between the Shen (神mind or spirit) and the body, enjoying good health and a longer life.People nowadays, on the contrary, just behave oppositely.[They]drink wine as thin rice gruel, regard wrong as right, and seek for sexual pleasure after drinking.[As a result, ]their Jingqi (精气Essence-Qi) is exhausted and Zhenqi (真气primordial-Qi) is wasted.[They]seldom[take measures to]keep an exuberance[of Jingqi (精气Essence-Qi) ]and do not know how to regulate the Shen (神mind or spirit) , often giving themselves to sensual pleasure.Being irregular in daily life, [they begin to]become old even at the age of fifty.”基本上采用的是直译之法。对于中医特有的概念和用语, 使用了文内注解的方法, 即将基本含义以括号的形式附于相关概念之后。翻译时, 有时为了句法结构的需要, 译者不得不增加一些词语。对于这样的增益之词, 译者均置于中括号之内, 以晓谕读者, 从而使其明白何为“经文”, 何为译者增益之词。这就是文本格式的很直观的一种诠释。至于有没有更好的翻译模式呢?在此笔者想说的是, 肯定有。但是这些需要很多人付出相当的努力才能做到。广而言之, 在这个层面上, 不同学科所需的英语翻译文本格式是大不相同的。科技英语不同于商务英语, 中医的英语翻译不同于西医的翻译, 绘画的翻译不同于电影名字的翻译等。在教堂的英语翻译不同于在娱乐场所的英语翻译, 在法庭上宣读的英语不同于在教室上课时用的英语等。事实上, 现阶段, 对这些不同门类的英语翻译的文类规约的探讨正在形成英语翻译中的一个个方兴未艾的热点课题。

总之, 笔者认为, 上述三重语境的划分具有多重的意义, 一方面是较强的实用性, 在进行某一翻译实践之前, 事先按照三重语境的划分模式对将要翻译的对象、文本等进行必要的前期处理, 有事半功倍的效果, 具有操作简便、快捷、准确等特点。同时, 这种语境划分有助于在理论上融入到当下英语翻译中的诸多方兴未艾的热点议题和多样化思考。笔者勉力为文, 陈述管见, 只是希望有更多的人士加入到后经典叙事学的研究行列, 感受到它浓郁的学术魅力。我们相信, 后经典叙事学视域下的英语翻译, 还将会有更多的、更美好的学术前沿领域等待着人们去探索、去开拓。

摘要:本文在后经典叙事学理论视域下重新归类英语翻译的语境, 提出了英语翻译的三重语境划分模式, 将语境分为社会历史语境、叙事语境、上下文语境三个层面, 并例证此种方法兼具操作简便、快捷、准确等特点。

关键词:后经典叙事学,英语翻译,语境

参考文献

[1]James Phelan.Narrative as Rhetoric[M].Columbus:Ohio State University Press, 1996.

[2]申丹.20世纪90年代以来叙事理论的新发展[J].当代外国文学, 2005, (1) .

[3]申丹, 等.英美小说叙事理论研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2005.

[4]谭军强.发展与共存:经典叙事学与后经典叙事学[J].江西社会科学, 2007, (2) .

[5]马克·柯里.后现代叙事理论[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2003.

初中英语经典名著阅读实践研究 篇8

【关键词】初中英语;经典名著阅读;实践研究

一、引言

《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》在阅读量方面对学生提出的要求是:三级:除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达 4万词以上;四级:除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到10万词以上;五级:除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。《标准(2011年版)》在情感态度方面,要求中学生能保持学习英语的愿望和兴趣,主动参与有助于提高英语能力的活动,有正确的英语学习动机,明确英语学习的目的是为了沟通和表达,敢于用英语进行交流,在学习中有较强的合作精神,愿意与他人分享各种学习资源。显然,要达到新课程标准的要求, 只靠教科书是远远不能保证足够的语言输入量的。因此, 教师必须设法丰富学生的阅读材料就变得至关重要。这就要求我们拓宽学生的阅读量,将阅读的视野延伸到课外读物上。

二、研究背景

国外学者对课外阅读的研究

国外的很多语言专家对课外阅读进行了广泛的研究。他们对课外阅读的材料、学习本身,对教师以及社会环境对其影响等方面进行了广泛而深入细致的研究。

F.M.Hafiz和Iudor(1989)在英国,设立了一个为期三个月由巴基斯坦儿童组成的泛读班,使用英语分级读本。旨在调查为乐趣而进行广泛的阅读是否能提高被试者的语言技能,特别是阅读和写作的技能。结果表明被试者的语言行为有显著的提高,尤其是在写作技能上。在教学上,该研究证实了使用分级读本的泛读价值。

Mquilla (1997)和Day £Bamford(1998)的研究指出了在课外阅读中教师应起到的作用,许多研究者建议通过适时地增加学生课内外的阅读量来达到提高阅读理解能力的目的(钟敏,2007)。这样不仅扩展其词汇量,而且也有助于提高学生语言运用能力。

国内对课外阅读的研究

吴玉玲(2008)将简易读物与高中英语课程相结合。实验结果表明:英语简易读物和英语课程相结合不仅能够促进学生语言技能和文化意识,而且能够激发学生的阅读兴趣。

王佳娣(2008)对将课外阅读纳入英语阅读课程体系作了可行性分析,建议课外阅读与课堂教学相结合。她通过理论研究和实践研究证明这是一种有一定意义的英语阅读教学方式。

华东师范大学的徐素慧(2010)在中国校外教育(下旬刊)上发表文章《刍议初中英语课外英语阅读材料的选择》,认为教材选择要做到内外并举,循序渐进;体裁多样,题材丰富;难度适中,趣味相投的原则。

综合以上国内外研究成果,本研究在初中英语课外阅读中开展经典名著阅读更有创新之处。

三、研究的意义

《标准(2011年版)》强调提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力,培养其跨文化交际的意识,使其形成健全的情感、态度和价值观,为学生的未来发展和终身学习奠定良好的基础。英语经典名著阅读内容丰富,故事情节引人入胜,语言地道流畅生动,而且给人以思想的启迪。学生在阅读的过程中,关注故事的情节,品味经典语言,融入作品所创造的氛围,与作者形成潜移默化的交流和文化的融合,从而激发学生对英语语言学习的热情和渴望。

四、研究的目标

本项研究主要在于探索英语经典名著阅读的策略与方法。对初中学生而言,让每一个学生有机会实践英语经典名著阅读,培养学生英语学习的兴趣,开阔学生的视野,促进学生思维品质的发展。对教师而言,打破了教师单一研究课本的传统,积极鼓励教师教师对课程资源的收集。同时,此项研究使英语经典名著阅读校本课程化、系统化。

五、研究的思路、方法

经典名著阅读为初中英语教学提供新的发展机会。我校根据不同年级,不同层次所选择的不同题材、不同体裁的经典名著分级读物。并采取具体行动方案促进名著阅读活动顺利开展。具体实施策略如下:

1.撰写读书笔记

读书报告可分为摘要式(summarytape book report)和简评式(brief-comment book report)。根据不同层次的学生作出不同的要求。能力一般的学生只要求作摘要式读书报告,即把原著中精美的语言、精辟的论点摘抄下来,不掺杂自己的看法,不需要任何发挥。能力稍突出的学生,可进行简评式读书报告,即可将原著情节或论述要点进行复述,也可用自己的话语表达自己的看法、观点。通过读书报告,加强学生对文本的深度理解,同时大大提升自身的表达能力、语用能力。

2.利用网络资源促进名著阅读

利用电影、网络视频等媒介进行文字与影像的补充与促进。如学生在读《爱丽斯之梦游仙境》时,为学生播放相应的电影。选择影视作品片段为学生播放,让学生与名著进行对比阅读。名著讲究文字的形象化,影视作品讲究视觉化。将文字与意象相结合,是积极的文本再现的过程。提高学生语言感受能力,学生对名著的内容及其传递的信息与情感会有更深入的理解。

3.定期开展名著阅读交流指导课

(1)读书交流

让学生把名著带入课堂,引经据典,各抒己见,交流心得体会。倡导生生同读,师生同读。鼓励学生用自己所学的英语语言知识交流阅读的作品。将阅读过程中的疑难问题提出来,进行生生互动,师生互动。师生可以根据问题生成与现实生活有关的问题供大家畅所欲言。

(2)多种形式展示阅读

指导学生名著阅读时,根据学生的能力和兴趣,自己确定一个专题,进行全面深入的研究。学生可以利用多种表现形式展示阅读。如角色扮演、电影配音、手抄报展示等。鲜明的人物形象被学生表现得淋漓尽致。既有助于这部分同学深度剖析作品片段, 又有助于其他同学更直观的了解作品内容。

4.多元化评价

为督促学生自觉地并积极地进行名著阅读,教师可以运用多元评价方式对学生进行阅读评价。

首先,由学生小组内认真阅读读书报告,根据语言的连贯、文章概述的简明扼要、语言的正确、书写的美观等方面,由组内成员共同评定出不同的等级(A优秀,B良好,C合格,D有待改善)。各小组被评为优秀等级的可以在班级英语角展示。

其次,制定阅读自我评价表。

为促使所有学生都积极主动地参与名著阅读,使其明白阅读的重要性,养成良好的阅读习惯,特制订阅读自我评价表,有利于实现学生自我管理,提高阅读质量。

英语名著阅读自我评价表

学生姓名____时间____ 阅读作品____

再次,充分利用班级英语角。

每个班级设置英语角展板,分为评价栏、推荐栏、展示栏、阅读之星四个栏目。在评价栏里公布本期阅读评价表,在推荐栏展示学生推荐段落欣赏或作品赏析等,在展示栏展示被评为A等的读书报告、优秀手抄报等,综合各方面,评选出本期阅读之星,贴上照片并配以阅读之星寄语。以此营造良好的阅读氛围。

最后,利用好名著作品后评价手册。

为丰富评价形式,了解学生对作品的阅读情况,我们可以进行阅读检测,设计一些易做的理解题。如:单选题,排序题,回答问题等考察学生对故事情节的理解;选词填空,单词释义等考查作品中设计的课标词汇;选用合适的短语完成故事概要,加深学生对人物关系的分析或主题分析,鼓励学生深层次理解。

结语

阅读古今中外优秀的文学作品,可以开阔人生事业,拓展心智空间,丰富社会阅历,增长见识才干,从而陶情冶性,提高人生的境界。经典名著阅读是学生提高语言水平、丰富文化知识的重要途径。既是一种课程理念,也是一种教学原则,同时也是一种操作的方法和步骤。 行走在经典名著阅读之路上,有芬芳,有荆棘,但我们坚信:有我们的坚持,必有我们的收获!

【参考文献】

[1]义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)M.北京.北京师范大学出版社

[2]蓝仁哲,语言·文学·人学[A].《外语名家论要》.主编.张后尘.北京.外语教学与研究出版社. 1999

[3]张爱珍.《农村中学生英语课外阅读现状调查与分析》[D].苏州大学.2011

[4]钟敏.《初中英语课外阅读现状调查与分析》[J].中国校外教育(理论).2007

【作者简介】

高媛媛(1982.02- )江苏如东人,一级教师,南通市骨干教师,如东县学科带头人;如东县青年教师基本功大赛一等奖;多次执教市县公开课;2014年参加南通市中考命题工作。

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