中科大英语(通用5篇)
一、Television Program and Their Effect on children
Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.二、―The younger generaton knows best‖
Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?
There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?
三、How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities
With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.四、Public Transportation
As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.五、Human Education
The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.六、Criticism on Television
A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.七、he ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money
Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.八、Communication and Language
One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.九、Cooperation Goes with Competition
In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.十、he Rise of Intellectual Property Protection
【关键词】专业英语(ESP) 医科大外语教学 应用
大学专业外语教学在医科大教学中占据着重要的地位,医科大由于其学科特点,对大学生的英语水平提出了更高的要求。因此,学习和掌握专业英语(ESP)对于医科专业的学生来说至关重要。当前大学专业英语在医科大外语教学中也在不断地探索和发展,专业英语作为英语教学的重要内容,无论是在教学理念还是教学方法方面基本都非常类似,这样的教学理念和教学方法与专业英语教学存在脱节,严重会影响到医科大专业英语教学的质量和效果。基于此,有必要探讨专业英语(ESP)在医科大外语教学中的应用。
一、专业英语(ESP)简述
ESP,即专业用途英语,它是在20世纪60年代发展起来的一门新兴的英语学科,这种学科的教学目的主要是针对不同专业的学习者而有针对性的开展英语教学,以满足不同学科学习者的需求。这种学科的教学的理念具有教学目标明确,有效针对性以及实用价值高等特点。近些年来,这种学科教学模式在大学英语教学中不断被采用和推广。专业英语(ESP)没有固定的教学模式和教学方法,针对不同学科和专业的特点,外语教师可以灵活运用多种教学方法和策略有针对性的开展专业用途英语教学,有利于激发学习者的学习兴趣和热情,提高外语教学的质量和实效。
二、专业英语(ESP)在医科大外语教学中应用的策略
专业英语(ESP)主要是针对不同专业的学习者而有针对性的开展英语教学,以满足不同学科学习者的需求。医科大作为有特色的高校,其专业和学科设置对专业英语的要求是比较高的,过去单纯采用统一固化的外语教学方法已经严重背离了医科大外语教学的初衷,更不利于为社会培养复合型的人才。专业英语(ESP)在医科大外语教学中的应用能够提高外语教学的质量。
1.科学设置课程和选择教材。专业英语(ESP)具有教学目的明确和针对性的特点,基于此,笔者认为专业英语(ESP)在医科大外语教学中的应用需要科学设置课程和选择教材。课程设置和教材是有效开展教学的前提和基础,科学合理的课程设置和教材选用有利于提高教学活动的针对性和目的性,进而可以提高专业英语教学的实效。笔者认为医科大高校应该根据学科和专业特点,精心进行课程设置,比如说在一些特色专业的课程设置中就需要加大专业英语课程的比重。医学专业和学科需要较高水平的外语知识,甚至需要跟国外的一些专家、学者进行交流,这就不单纯仅仅是基本英语就能够做好的,还需要较高的专业英语知识。在教材选用方面,外语教学应当结合自己所授专业的不同而有针对性地选用不同的专业英语教材,而不能够像过去那样不加区分专业,只是针对某一学科而选择统一的教材,如果这样的话就会严重背离专业英语(ESP)的教学理念。因此,业英语(ESP)在医科大外语教学中的应用需要科学设置课程和选择教材。
2.采用灵活的教学方法。教学方法是教学活动有效开展的重要保障,它在专业外语教学中发挥着重要的作用。科学有效的教学方法能够有效地组织和开展教学活动,实现知识的传授和教学目标。专业英语(ESP)在医科大外语教学中的应用需要教师灵活运用多种教学方法和教学策略。笔者认为外语教师应当根据医科大学生和专业、学科的特点有针对性地选择科学合理的教学方法。比如说可以引导学生在学科专业学习过程中针对每一种药品名称和专业术语要用英语进行翻译,即使遇到自己不懂的专业术语,要能够主动地查阅相关的工具书,依靠自学的方式来掌握学习过程中遇到的专业术语。同时,外语教师也可以采用微课教学模式,通过设计一些相关的教学情境,让学生通过看视频、听录音等方式来了解当前学科和专业中的一些常用的词汇和专业术语,久而久之能够使学生积累相关的专业词汇量,进而能够提高其理解和学习专业英语的能力。
3.要以学生为中心,有针对性地开展教学活动。专业英语(ESP)具有教学目标明确,有效针对性以及实用价值高等特点。它在医科大外语教学中的实际应用不单纯仅仅要设置相关和课程和有针对性地选择教材,在实际的教学过程中,外语教师要以学生为中心,有针对性开展教学活动。专业英语(ESP)要是针对不同专业的学习者而有针对性的开展英语教学,以满足不同学科学习者的需求。由于医科大高校学科和专业设置的特性,在专业外语教学中,外语教师应当转变过去单纯以自我为中心的教学理念,要把教学的中心交还给学生,要根据学生的不同专业和不同层次的学生有针对性的选择教学策略和设置课堂授课内容,能够实现教学活动的针对性和时效性,进而提高教学活动的质量和效益。
三、结语
对于医科专业的学生来说,学习和掌握专业英语(ESP)是非常重要的,这个行业是需要接触到许多专业英语词汇的,因此在大学阶段就需要他们了解和掌握专业用途英语。专业英语(ESP)主要是针对不同专业的学习者而有针对性的开展英语教学,以满足不同学科学习者的需求。笔者认为在医科大外语教学中采用专业英语(ESP)需要科学设置课程和选择教材、采用灵活的教学方法以及以学生为中心,有针对性地开展教学活动等策略,进而能够提高专业英语(ESP)教学的质量和效益。
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大家上午好!
今天我们隆重举行2016届本科生毕业典礼,我代表中国科学技术大学向毕业生同学们表示热烈祝贺!同时,向辛勤培养你们的老师们表示衷心感谢,也向含辛茹苦养育培育你们的家长和亲友们表示热烈祝贺和感谢!看到你们学业有成,和你们一起分享这青春的丰收喜悦,我感到由衷的自豪和开心!
又是一年毕业季!此时此刻,我和你们一样感慨万千:四年前的盛夏,你们携带着青春的活力,洋溢着高考如愿的胜利喜悦,怀揣着人生远大理想,来到了科大。迎接你们的是喜气洋洋的校园和学校的良师益友,你们也开始了与高中时代不同的四年科大生活。你们没有懈怠,也没有时间得到高考后的放松。你们肯定难忘炎炎烈日下的入学军训,也难忘入学后的第一次考试;你们一定有自己钟情和难忘的教室、图书馆和实验室,也有那难忘的食堂和运动场;你们接受了严格的高等教育,刻苦学习、不断进步;你们在四年的大学生活中,收获了知识或许还有爱情,锻炼和丰富了人生,祝贺你们!
回首科大四年,你们可能有过成功或挫折,有过快乐或不如意,从今天起,这一切都将成为过去,都将成为你们美好人生的回忆,也会成为你们前进的动力。毕业之后,有的同学选择了就业,有的同学会继续深造;就业的同学有的会去企业,有的会去创业;有的会去机关部门,有的会去学校或科研单位。继续深造的同学或许在国内,或许要漂洋过海远离故乡。
舞台已经铺就,今日就要启程,趁你们还年青。相信在座的各位同学必能不负师长教诲、不负亲友厚望,因为你们正年青!年青意味着朝气蓬勃、充满激情,意味着充满希望、无限可能。你们正年青,又身处一个正在飞速而深刻变化的时代,新一轮科技革命蓄势待发,颠覆性的技术变革将从根本上改变人类的生活、工作以及感知世界的方式。我们的国家正以昂扬向上的姿态跻身世界大国之列,刚刚结束的“科技三会”又吹响了建设世界科技强国的号角。年青的你们,该如何在这伟大的时代中释放激情、理想和抱负,如何肩负起知识分子社会栋梁的家国情怀与责任担当?临行之际,我想与同学们谈几点体会:
趁你还年青,不断修身立德,终身坚守知识分子的良知、责任和担当。同学们,你们在中国最好的学校接受了高等教育,是同龄人中的佼佼者,也成为了中国知识分子中的一员。我衷心希望你们走出校园后依旧能成为你们所在群体中的楷模。做人格健全的社会公民,做有良知、责任和担当的知识分子。知识分子是民族的脊梁,是先进生产力的开拓者,是实现中华民族伟大复兴的智力支撑。作为新时代的知识分子,首先要修身立德,做一个高尚的人和纯粹的人。还要明辨是非,主张正义,坚持真理,树立远大理想和抱负,始终心系国家和人民,并为之奋斗终生。这是中华民族历代先贤的坚守,是一件“说说容易做做难”的大事。你现在或许会觉得不难,也许不甚理解,但在未来的人生中你们可能会逐渐体会和感受到,做到这些有时很难,甚至要付出生命的代价!若有朝一日为之付出,是极值得的,也是实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神所在!
趁你还年青,不断提高能力,增长才干,实现青春的价值。对选择继续深造的同学而言,要尽快熟悉科研环境,把握世界科学前沿,不断提高发现问题、解决问题的能力,敢于创新,敢于挑战科学难题,为科学发展做出贡献。对选择创业就业的同学,你们在学校学的多是“有字之书”,今后更要读懂社会这本“无字之书”,这需要尽快熟悉社会,熟悉工作环境和工作情况,学习更多的社会知识和专业知识。要甘心做小学生,拜所有内行的人为师,多观察思考,多调查研究,不断总结经验教训,在实践中不断提高能力,增长才干,把科技成果应用在实现现代化的伟大事业中,把人生的论文写在祖国的大地上。
趁你还年青,保持激情和热情,不怕困难,追求卓越。人生之路不可能一马平川,有时会有荆棘崎岖,你们对此要有清醒的认识和充分的思想准备。在以后的工作、学习和生活中,你们可能会有迷茫,会有挫折,有时候甚至会怀疑自己的能力。但人生成长不就是如此吗?就像游戏“打怪升级”一样,打掉一只只小怪兽,经验值就会不断提升。希望同学们发扬科大追求卓越,科教报国的精神,始终保持积极进取的激情,乐观开朗的心态和昂扬向上的斗志,不怕困难,勇于战胜困难,在实践中不断提高和锻炼自己。同时,在人生的道路上不必纠结于一事一时的成败得失,只要认准方向,坚持下去,不怕吃苦,则一切皆有可能。科大教给你们的不仅有科学知识,还有自信、力量和智慧,你们要善于运用这些“法宝”开启宏伟人生,实现理想。
趁你还年青,即刻启程,励志笃行。成功者的特点往往不仅是在思想上,而重要的是在行动上。不要做“理想的巨人,行动的矮子”,知行不合一,再高远的志向都只能是停留在美好的梦想。习近平总书记曾说过:“道不可坐论,德不能空谈,关键是要迈稳步子、夯实根基、久久为功”。同学们,你们身处伟大的时代,国家已经营造了人尽其才、才尽其用的良好氛围,我相信,只要认准方向,不断努力,敢于创新,就一定会有所成就。只要不忘初心,勇于承担使命和责任,等待你们的必将是如锦前程和美好未来!衷心希望你们能够“为民族谋福祉,为人类增知识,为世界创未来”!
这段时间欧洲杯足球赛正在火热进行,今日之后,你们也将奔赴新的赛场。在你们全力以赴、尽情享受人生中的每一场比赛的同时,请记住,母校期待你们,祝福你们,永远是你们的坚强后盾和精神港湾,永远在看台的第一排为你们加油、喝彩!
“大鹏一日同风起,扶摇直上九万里”,愿你们鲲鹏展翅,马到成功!
电子商务(Electronic Commerce),简称EC。通俗的说,电子商务就是利用互联网开展商务活动,当企业将它的主要业务通过企业的内联网、外联网、及互联网与企业的职员、客户、供销商及其合作伙伴直接相连时,其中发生的活动就是电子商务。融计算机科学、市场营销学、管理学、法学和现代物流于一体的新型交叉学科。培养掌握计算机信息技术、市场营销、国际贸易、管理、法律和现代物流的基本理论及基础知识,具有利用网络开展商务活动的能力和利用计算机信息技术、现代物流方法改善企业管理方法,提高企业管理水平能力的创新型复合型电子商务高级专门人才。专业方向
本专业有六个专业方向网站设计与程序方向网络营销编辑方向网络产品规划方向企业信息化个人网络创业及银行卡的研发方向电子商务专业在不同高校里要求的课程也是不一样的一些院校注重电子商务网络技术计算机技术还有一些院校会把课程重点放在商务模式上面这些主要体现在这个专业所在的院系有的在管理学院有的会在信息科学与技术学院有的会在软件学院在这样各个院校培养出来的学生的专长也会有一定的区别课程设置
计算机网络原理、电子商务概论、网络营销实务、电子商务、国际贸易概论、电子商务信函写作、电子商务营销写作实务、营销策划、网页配色、网页设计、数据结构、Photoshop、Java语言、Web标准与网站重构、FlashAction Script动画设计、UI设计、电子商务网站建设、电子商务管理实务、ERP与客户关系管理、电子商务物流管理、消费心理学、电子商务实验、网上创业、电子商务专业英语、新闻采集、写作和编辑的基本技能。网络营销、网络数据库、移动商务、企业信息化、电子商务系统设计、广告策划、电子商务与物流、photoshop图片处理技术、access数据库、市场营销学、企业经营与管理、企业信息化、网络消费心理学。
4就业方向
专业毕业后,可从事银行的后台运作(网络运作)、企事业单位网站的网页设计、网站建设和维护、或网络编辑、网站内容的维护和网络营销(含国际贸易)、企业商品和服务的营销策划等专业工作,或从事客户关系管理、电子商务项目管理、电子商务活动的策划与运作、电子商务系统开发与维护工作以及在各级学校
从事电子商务教学等工作。专科学生,还可以在呼叫中心从事电话营销、电子商务助理等文职的工作。
电子商务服务企业。包括硬件(研发、生产、销售、集成)、软件(研发、销售、实施)、咨询等。随着电子商务应用的普及,相关的硬件、软件开发和销售对专业人员的需求是确定的,不过这种需求可能是显性的,也可能是隐性的。显性情况下,用人单位会明确招聘懂得电子商务的专业人才,隐形的情况下,用人单位人力资源部面对市场客户的电子商务需求并不定明确知道招聘到电子商务专业背景的人才正好适用,而只能让计算机等相关学科背景的人勉强应付,或要求其补充学习电子商务知识。咨询行业因为其“与生俱来”的专业广度和深度,需求一般都比较明确。
2.电子商务企业。对这样的企业来说,无论是纯粹专业的电子商务企业还是和其他主业结合的开辟的全新的运营模式(例如西单商场),对电子商务专业人才的需求是最对口的。
3.传统企业。对于传统企业来讲,电子商务意味着新增的运营工具(比如企业网站,现在恐怕很难找到没有网站的公司)。运行新增的运营工具的人,无非是从使用老运营工具的员工中培养和招聘专业人才。当然培养原来的老员工的工作恐怕还是得内行的专业来进行。
4.传统行业。对传统行业来讲,电子商务就是新的业务手段。无论贸易、物流、加工行业还是农业等到都会使用到电子商务。把传统行业专门提出来讲,目的就在于,如果有志于某一行业,就应该深入了解这个行业的发展状况、发展趋势、新技术、新产品。从专业的角度判断这个行业的电子商务发展水平和发展潜力。当然,要能独立做出这些判断必须在对专业知识和实践能力达到一定的高度才行。
5就业前景
早在第15届国际人工智能联合大会上,来自美日等国的9位国际著名学者联合发表论文,系统阐述了机器人足球的研究意义。机器人足球被正式设立为国际人工智能新的挑战问题。因为这些问题不解决,未来社会所需的一系列关键技术就无法得到解决。
而这些在机器人足球中都得到了集中体现。为了加强世界机器人技术的合作与交流,与会专家提出举办机器人世界杯足球赛。第一届机器人世界杯比赛(Robocup)是在1999年举行的,以后每年举行一届。其实机器人踢足球可不是一件简单的事,这里面涉及多个学科领域,包含机械电子、机器人学、智能控制、通讯、计算机视觉等多方面的研究和开发。在以前的人工智能研究中,曾出现过“深蓝”计算机将国际象棋大师打败的现象。
但是机器人足球面临的可是一个更加复杂的问题,因为棋类比赛都有固定的套路,自己如何出招,对方如何应对,都是在一定的模式中进行的,而机器人足球是在一个不可测的环境中进行的,究竟对方会怎么踢球,球的线路会是怎样,这些都是随机的,这就需要程序在很短的时间内做出判断,发出指令,而且场上11名“队员”的程序都是独立的。如果一个程序出现问题,相应的机器人就会呆在场上,不听使唤。这些都会对一个球队的整体实力提出挑战。在这一领域德国、美国、日本占有绝对的优势。这些国家经常会派出许多一流大学参加这项比赛,比如卡耐基—梅隆大学﹑康奈尔大学﹑东京大学等。所以比赛都是在欧﹑美﹑日等发达国家举行。
“蓝鹰”诞生
1999年中国科技大学的陈小平博士作为第16届国际人工智能联合大会的代表应邀观摩了比赛。这是我国大陆学者第一次正式参加国际Robocup(机器人足球)比赛。在与国际同行们的交流中,陈小平深刻感受到国际上信息技术的日新月异。反观此时国内的相关研究还处于远离国际先进前沿甚至是闭门造车的阶段。作为一名中国人,他多么想在比赛现场看到一支中国的队伍啊!但是要想成立这样一支足球队,一是要有先进的科技支持;二是要有许多肯花时间进行研究的人才队伍。如何才能从“一穷二白”的基础上建立起与国际上同步的技术队伍呢?
带着这个困惑陈小平回到了国内。当他把自己的想法和自己的学生们交流时,同学们的反应都很强烈,同学们一致要求成立一支机器人足球队,要向世界顶尖科技看齐。陈小平被同学们的情绪所感染,他很快就向学校提出了建立机器人足球队的申请。学校领导也十分支持陈小平教授的这一想法。他们在资金有限的情况下仍然拨出一部分款项,并且设立专门的实验室用作机器人研究基地。
为了培养更多技术人才,1999年3月,中国科技大学开设了“仿真机器人足球课外研讨班”,当时有三个系、三个年级的二十余名本科生参加。后来又开设了“仿真机器人足球”seminar课程,由全校高年级的学生自由选修。这种以学生为主体,以实践为中心的教学方式,受到了学生们的普遍欢迎,也培养出了一批高素质的人才。1999年中国科技大学由陈小平博士牵头正式组建了“中国科技大学首届Robocup集训队”,这个集训队就是科大机器人足球队的前身。陈小平教练利用科技大学在软件开发上的优势,以仿真2D(平面)3D(三维)作为突破口,带领同学们编写调试程序。队员们的付出很快有了回報,在随后进行的首届全国Robocup(机器人足球)仿真组的比赛中,中国科技大学包揽了冠﹑亚军。
2000年3月,科大集训队开发出一支新的球队软件,并命名为“蓝鹰”(wrighttagle)。大家希望这支队伍能像雄鹰一样飞翔于蓝天之上。在2000年Robocup机器人世界杯预选赛中,“蓝鹰”以2:0打败日本的“11猴子”队,随后又以11:0大胜澳大利亚的球队。从而成为我国第一支成功打入Robocup机器人世界杯正式比赛的球队。
2001年科大机器人足球队在仿真组的基础上又成立了四腿组。在2001年美国西雅图的第五届Robocup机器人世界杯比赛中,仿真组和四腿组双双打入8强,取得历史性突破。
几年来科大机器人足球队不断取得好成绩。先后有国外媒体网站评论——“中国科技大学是中国机器人的开拓者”,“中科大的水平令人惊叹”。
“蓝鹰”成长
成功的背后是艰辛的付出,每年中科大的机器人足球队都会参加世界杯和全国机器人的比赛。由于教练陈小平博士还要进行其他科研项目,平时很难抽出时间。除了技术指导以外,大部分时间都要同学们自己去钻研。这些来自不同院系的同学,有的是研究生,有的是本科生,他们虽然不拿任何报酬,但为了共同的爱好都愿意默默无闻地付出。队员们在这方面花费了太多的时间和心血,这其中的辛酸恐怕只有他们自己知道。每次到了赛前的两个多月是同学们最忙的时候,那些天同学们睡眠的时间很少,除了上课以外,大家一有时间就往实验室跑,有时为了一个程序,同学们走在路上头脑里都是在想着问题。仿真组有个研究生范长杰,大家都称他是“拼命三郎”,他曾创下过连续七天吃住在实验室的纪录。队员们笑称那时侯每天过的是36小时制,就是连续工作24小时,然后再睡上12个小时。正是有了他们的付出,“蓝鹰”才能不断取得进步。
2005年在日本大阪,科大2D组一路过关斩将,从小组赛一直打到决赛。决赛的对手是德国“头脑风暴”队。在仿真机器人这一块,德国占有很强的技术优势。他们曾经是连续三次世界杯的亚军。果然在比赛中“头脑风暴”队攻守兼备,以3:0战胜科大“蓝鹰”队。
从日本大阪回来以后,队员们都憋了一口气,要向世界最强的队伍发起挑战。大家下定决心一定要打败德国“头脑风暴”队。陈小平教练把比赛的录像放给大家看,德国足球队程序编写得比较完善,机器人之间的协调性能较好。比如进攻时能形成多点配合,防守时一旦出现漏“人”,很快就会有“人”补上。而“蓝鹰”队只是在速度上有优势,协调性跟不上。这样遇到弱队,常常能在对方还没有反应过来时就把球打进了,有时甚至能打出20:0的局面,但是一旦遇到强队,双方进入拉锯战时,“蓝鹰”队防守不足的问题就暴露出来了。
针对这一点,队员们重新设计了程序的框架结构,并对参数进行了修改。还专门有人设计了防守程序。2006年在德国布莱梅举行的第10届Robocup世界杯上,最后的仿真2D组决赛时,科大“蓝鹰”又和德国“头脑风暴”这个老冤家见面了。在比赛结果打到1:1时,德国“头脑风暴”队突然一个机器人的程序出现了问题,机器人不听使唤,场上“死人”了。“蓝鹰”队抓住战机,结果以2:1战胜对手。在宣布结果时,德国队的两名队员显得很不服气,其中一名队员走到科大同学们的面前说:“这次只是一个意外,希望有机会能再比一次”。
于是在2006年全国Robocup机器人比赛时,中国科技大学向德国“头脑风暴队”发出了邀请。在那场邀请赛上,“蓝鹰”以5:1打败“头脑风暴”队。这一结果让德国队员哑口无言。随后,德国“头脑风暴”队的教练给“蓝鹰”队员们发来了电子邮件。在邮件中他称赞“蓝鹰”队:“You are a great team!(你们是一支伟大的球队!)”
再创辉煌
连续几年的参赛,占去了队员们太多的时间。眼看着周围的同学有出国的,有考研的,有工作的。面对2007年的世界杯,有的队员打起了退堂鼓。这时侯“蓝鹰”的主教练陈小平老师鼓励队员们说,你们现在好比登山到了半山腰,此时放弃实在可惜。继续做下去,对自己也是一个挑战。争取在仿真3D和四腿组都能拿到冠军,要向世界证明你们都是NO﹒1。
由于2007年的世界杯仿真3D组首次以人形机器人为仿真对象,难度高于以往的任何一届,同时又新设了微软机器人比赛项目。在备战比赛中,科大“蓝鹰”队利用多年的研究经验,有针对性地进行攻关。陈小平教练为了让更多的新生力量來到这个队伍,增选了许多优秀的本科生,其中仿真2D组的成员全是本科生。“蓝鹰”以崭新的面貌出现在世人面前。
谁知在2007年6月申请去美国参加比赛的时候,却突然遇到了一个前所未有的困难。出国签证遇到了问题,因为美国对博士生出国进行限制,所有的博士生都不能去美国了。连教练陈小平教授也遇到签证延期的问题。现场比赛的任务一下子全落在4名本科生和2名硕士生的肩上,他们中有5人还是第一次出国,均无大赛经验。仿真2D﹑3D和微软机器人赛三个项目都只有一个人现场参赛,而且其中2人是本科生。针对这一棘手的问题,陈小平教练决定先让队伍出国,自己再接着补办签证。同时陈小平教练积极与美国校友和华侨取得联系。在当地校友和佐治亚理工大学中国学者联合会的精心组织和帮助下,有人专门前去接机,有人帮助联系旅馆,帮助队员们解决了许多后勤方面遇到的问题。
2007年7月1日第11届Robocup机器人世界杯大赛举行。有来自39个国家的约2000名学者和学生参加了比赛。
因为“蓝鹰”队是去年仿真2D组的冠军,在比赛现场队员王继良发现所有2D组的参赛队伍都是以“蓝鹰”为目标在做调试。科大“蓝鹰”陷入重重围剿之中。按规定,每个队将比赛程序上交以后就不能再改了。但是有时经常会有突发事件发生,比如以前在四腿组比赛时曾经出现过照相机的闪光灯将有个队机器人的“眼睛”照花了,结果影响了比赛的发挥。究竟这些年轻队员们在比赛时会有什么样的表现?教练陈小平的手心里也捏着一把汗。
比赛的当天有许多中国留学生和华人华侨前去加油助威,现场热烈的气氛鼓舞了这些年轻队员,队员们顶住压力克服了现场经验不足的障碍,沉着冷静,一举夺得含金量较高的3D组和微软组的冠军。但是本次比赛也有遗憾,由于刘飞、范长杰等博士因签证问题没能参赛,导致关键技术上处于空白。但即使如此,“蓝鹰”队仍然取得仿真2D组比赛的亚军,四腿组比赛的第四名。自此中科大机器人足球队在全世界39个国家和地区的300多支队伍中以两金一银的成绩首次占据奖牌榜的第一位。
科大“蓝鹰”队的出色表现也为中国赢得2008年第12届Robocup机器人世界杯比赛的举办权。展望未来,这支“蓝鹰”足球队有了新的目标——在未来,机器人足球队能够打败真人足球队。
(责编/张磊)
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