新编国际商务英语教程

新编国际商务英语教程（共7篇）

新编国际商务英语教程 篇1

I Teaching Aim

1.Cognitive Information（认知信息）: Employment

2.Language Focus（内容重点）:

1）Word Study： A.executive, impression, recall, schedule, tastefully, appreciative, assessment, absorb, personality, preference； B.chief, ambitious, incredible, transform, digital, integrate, correspond, permission, complain

2）Phrases： A.according to, due to, show respect to, engage in； B.keep track of, be related to

3）Key words： A.establish； B.ensure

3.Grammar： 被动语态Ⅱ

4.Writing（写作技巧）： E-mail写作

5.Translation（翻译技巧）： 直译与意译

III Background Information

工作方面词汇

1. 个人品质

adaptable 适应性强的ambitious 有雄心壮志的capable 有能力的，有才能的careful 办事仔细的competent 能胜任的confident 有信心的conscientious 认真的，自觉的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富创造力的dedicated 有奉献精神的dependable 可靠的disciplined 守纪律的earnest 认真的well-educated 受过良好教育的efficient 有效率的energetic 精力充沛的enthusiastic 充满热情的expressive 善于表达

hard-working 勤劳的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的2.其他内容

objective 目标

career objective 职业目标

employment objective 工作目标

position wanted 希望职位

job objective 工作目标

position applied for 申请职位

position sought 谋求职位

position desired 希望职位

for more specialized work 为更专门的工作

for prospects of promotion 为晋升的前途

for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作责任

for wider experience 为扩大工作经验

due to closedown of company 由于公司倒闭

due to expiry of employment 由于雇用期满

to offer a more challenging opportunity 提供更有挑战性的工作机会

to seek a better job 寻找更好的工作

to look for a more challenging opportunity 寻找一个更有挑战性的工作机会

IV language and Culture Focus（语言文化要点）

TextA

1.Word study

1）executive n.① a person or group in a business organization, trade union, etc.with administrative or managerial powers 行政领导；经理

e.g.a sales executive 营业主任

She’s an executive in a computer company.她是一家计算机公司的行政人员。

②（in the Civil Service）a person who carries out what has been planned or decided 行政人员e.g.executive officer 行政主任

2）impression n.① ~（on sb.）a deep, lasting effect on the mind or feelings of sb.印象；感想

e.g.His first speech as president made a strong impression on his audience.他当会长后的第一次演讲给听众留下了深刻的印象。

② ［esp.sing.］ ~（of sth./doing sth./that...）an idea, feeling or opinion 想法，感觉，看法e.g.He gives the impression of being a hard worker/that he works hard.他给人的印象是工作很努力。

【相关搭配】

be under the impression that...to have the（usu.mistaken）idea that...有某种（通常指错误的）想法

e.g.I was under the impression that you were coming tomorrow.我以为你明天才来呢。

【相关词】

impressive a.给人以深刻印象的3）recall v.① ~ sb.（from...）（to...）to order sb.to return（from a place）召回

e.g.recall an ambassador（from his post）将大使（从驻在国）召回

② to order（sth.）to be returned 收回

e.g.recall library books 要求归还图书馆的书

③ to bring（sth./sb.）back into the mind； recollect 回忆起；记起

e.g.I can’t recall his name.我想不起他的名字了

4）schedule n.① a program of work to be done or of planned events 计划表

e.g.a factory production schedule 工厂生产进度表

Everything is going according to schedule.一切都在按预定计划进行。

② a timetable

e.g.The fog disrupted airline schedules.这场大雾扰乱了航空公司的时刻表。

③ a list of items, etc.清单，明细表

e.g.The attached schedule gives details of the shipment.装运货物的细目见所附清单。

5）tastefully ad.having or displaying good taste 趣味高雅地

e.g.She often dresses tastefully.她总是穿着很有品味。

【相关词】

taste n.① ~（for sth.）liking or preference 爱好

e.g.She has a taste for foreign travel.她有到国外旅行的爱好。

② [U] ability to perceive and enjoy what is beautiful or harmonious, or to behave in an appropriate and a pleasing way 鉴赏力，审美力

e.g.have excellent taste in clothes, art, music 对服装、艺术、音乐很有鉴赏力

6）appreciative a.~（of sth.）feeling or showing understanding or gratitude 有欣赏力的e.g.an appreciative letter 感谢信

I’m most appreciative of your generosity.我对你的慷慨感激之至。

【相关词】

appreciate v.① to understand and enjoy（sth.）； value highly 欣赏；赏识

e.g.You can’t fully appreciate foreign literature in translation.看翻译作品很难欣赏到外国文学的精髓。

Your help was greatly appreciated, i.e., we were grateful for it.非常感谢你的帮助。② to understand（sth.）with sympathy 体恤，体谅

e.g.I appreciate your problem, but I don’t think I can help you.我理解你的困难，但却爱莫能助。

③ to increase in value 增值，涨价

e.g.Local property has appreciated since they built the motorway nearby.自从附近修建了高速公路，本地的地产已经增值。

7）assessment n.① action of assessing 评定

e.g.Continuous assessment is made of all students’work.对全体学生的功课做出连贯性的评定。

② evaluation or opinion 评价；看法

e.g.What is your assessment of the situation? 你对这一情况有什么看法?

【相关词】

assess v.确定，评定

8）absorb v.① to take in； suck up 吸收

e.g.Aspirin is quickly absorbed by the body.阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。

（fig 比喻）Clever children absorb knowledge easily.聪明孩子容易吸

收知识。

② to hold the attention or interest of（sb.）fully 吸引„„的注意力

e.g.His business absorbs him.他专心致志地处理业务。

9）personality n.① characteristics and qualities of a person seen as a whole 人格；个性

e.g.a likeable personality 讨人喜欢的个性

She has a very strong personality.她个性很强。

② a famous person, esp.in the world of entertainment or sport 名人

e.g.personalities from the film world 影界名流

a television personality 电视圈中的名人

10）preference n.① ~（for sth.）liking for sth.（more than sth.else）偏爱

e.g.It’s entirely a matter of preference.这完全是个见仁见智的问题。

② a thing that is liked better or best 偏爱的事物

e.g.What are your preferences? 你最喜欢什么?

【相关搭配】

in preference to 偏好

e.g.She chose to learn the violin in preference to the piano.她愿学小提琴而不学钢琴。

【相关词】

prefer v.更喜欢

preferable a.更可取的；更好的2.Phrase

1）according to

① as stated or reported by 据„„所说

e.g.According to John you were in Edinburgh last week.据约翰说，你上星期在爱丁堡。② in a manner that is consistent with 按照，依照

e.g.act according to one’s principles 按照自己的原则行事

Everything went according to plan.一切都是按照计划进行的。

③ in a manner or degree that is in proportion to 视„„而定

e.g.salary according to qualifications and experience 视资历和经验而定的薪水

2）due tobecause of 由于，因为

e.g.The team’s success was largely due to her efforts.该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。

3）show respect to to show admiration for； regard 对„„表示尊敬

e.g.We should show our respect to people who make great effort constantly.我们应该尊重那些不懈努力的人。

4）engage into take part in or be occupied in 参加，卷入

e.g.I have no time to engage in gossip.我无暇闲聊。

3.Key Words

establish v.① to found or bring into being on a firm or stable basis 建立；设立

e.g.This business was established in 1860.这家公司成立于1860年。

② ~ sb./oneself（in sth.）（as sth.）to place sb./oneself in a position, office, etc., usu on a permanent basis 安置，安顿

e.g.We are now comfortably established in our new house.我们现已在新居舒适地安顿下来了。③ to show（sth.）to be true； prove 确定；证实

e.g.We’ve established his innocence.我们已证实他无罪。

④ to cause people to accept（a belief, custom, claim, etc.）使被接受

e.g.Established practices are difficult to change.积习难改。

His second novel established his fame as a writer.他的第二部小说确立了他的作家之名。

【相关词】

establishment n.设立；建立

established a.V Teaching tips（教学提示）

Part 3 Knowledge and Skills.Translation 直译与意译

英汉的结构有相同的一面，汉译时可照译，即所谓“直译”——既忠实原文内容，又符合原文结构形式。但这两种语言之间还有很多差别，如完全照译，势必出现“英化汉语”，这时就需要“意译”，在忠实原文内容的前提下，摆脱原文结构束缚，使译文符合汉语规范。特别需要注意的是：“直译”不等于“死译”，“意译”也不等于“乱译”。

1）直译与死译

原文结构与汉语结构是一致，照译即可。但如果原文结构与汉语不一致，任然采取直译的方法，就成“死译”了。

e.g.In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line.在某些自动化工厂,电子计算机控制整个生产线.(直译)

The earth acts like a big magnet 地球的作用就像一块大磁铁.(直译)

Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon 锰有同样影响,在强度

上像硅.(死译)

第2第3句译文既不忠实原意,又不符合汉语表达方式,因此,必须运用“词类转换”、“成分转换”、“词（语）序调整”等手段使译文通顺。两句应分别译为“地球作用像一块大磁铁”、“锰像硅一样，会影响钢的强度”。

2）意译与乱译

只有在正确理解原文基础上，运用相应翻译方法以调整原文结构，用规范汉语加以表达，这才真正做到“意译”。翻译时间证明，大量英语句子汉译都要采用“意译法”。

如果把“意译”理解为凭主观臆想来理解原文，不分析原文结构，只看词面意义，自己编造句子，势必造成“乱译”。

e.g.It’s easy to compress a gas，it is just a matter of reducing the space between the molecules，Like a liquid a gas has no shape，but unlike it will expand and fill any contain it is put in.气体是很容易压缩，这正是压缩分子之间距离根据。气体和液体一样没有形状，但又不同于液体，气体膨胀时会充满任何盛放它容器。（乱译）

例句中“乱译”是有主观臆想（不正确选择词义，任意转换成分）造成。在这里，将matter译成“根据”在物理学上是讲不通的，因为“压缩气体也就是减少分子之间距离”，两者是一回事。Matter 应作“事情”“问题”解。

新编国际商务英语教程 篇2

关键词：时态,语态,层次性,学科交叉

章振邦先生主编的《新编英语语法教程》(以下简称《新编》)是为我国高校英语专业编写的一部英语语法教科书,该教程不同于传统英语语法教材,参照了当代语法学家如R.Quirk,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,J.Svartvik,A.S.Hornby,M.Halliday等人的观点,形成一套兼容并包,吸取了当代语法学精华并适合我国学生接受的英语语法教材。为我国英语专业语法教学起到了很好的的指引作用。

这部教材不仅告诉学生碰到何种语法现象该怎样处理,也介绍了其理论体系,告诉读者为什么,便于学生理解和接受。比如呈现英语的7个分句基本类型之前,本书首先介绍了分句及其划分方式,即主语和谓语,并解释为何这样划分,即主语是分句的话题,而谓语是有关该话题的新信息。并进一步将谓语拆散成谓语动词和补足成分(包括宾语,状语和补语),这些连同主语便形成了分句的五个基本的成分,在此基础上,再进行不同的组合,同时提示这些不同组合是以谓语动词的特性作为依据。整个过程就如同分析一部机器的构造,先拆散,再组装。当学生了解这个内在的逻辑之后,自然可以接受,尽管对于只了解传统语法的他们来说是全新的。

对于谓语时态的介绍也是如此,“按照传统的理解,‘时态’是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式。……英语动词的‘时态’多至十六种。”“但是,20世纪50年代以来,国外一些有影响的语法著作,对于Tense和Aspect已经作了不同于传统语法的处理,认为英语动词有两个‘时’和两个‘体’”。《新编》一书对谓语动词的介绍就是借鉴了上述理论,原因作者已在《〈新编英语语法教程〉的体系特征》(以下简称《体系特征》)一文做了充分解释。笔者认为从学习者的角度来看,这又是一种如同机器拆分与组装的过程,在这个过程中学生对“时”和“体”先有一个科学的认知,然后在此基础上进行组合,形成不同的时与体的结合形式,学生很容易理解意思也更清晰地了解了不同时态的动词词组的构成方式与意义,比起传统语法生硬地呈现英语谓语的十六种时态,本书更能让英语专业学生理解和接受。

《新编》的语法理论系统全面,有利于学生建构科学的英语语法体系。全书导入部分便对英语的语法体系做了明确的分层,从词素,词,词组,分句到句子。正如章振邦先生在《体系特征》中提到的,“层次性是语言的本质属性之一”。学生在这样的理论与实践指导下学习,会形成更加科学的认识,即分析分句成分应该从词组的层面去分析,而不是词的层面,突破传统的语法分析方式。

又比如全 书增加了 一个新的 词类——“ 限定词”(determiner),这一概念未曾出现在传统语法书中,但章振邦在《体系特征》一文中论述到“限定词作为一类功能词 (或结构词)早已在现代英语语法中确定下来。”学生理解其中内涵之后,能更好地将原先散乱的词类,如冠词,代词,名词属格等加以整理归纳,并且对某些代词,如物主代词,指示代词,不定代词等涉及的范围形成更为科学合理的认识。

该教材语法体系与传统语法有着很大差异,但正因如此却能让学生突破传统语法的局限,形成对英语语言更丰富全面的认识。比如,该教材对分句的分析使得分句中的主语与谓语的概念脱离了传统语法的束缚,不再强调谓语必须是谓语动词,要体现时态与人称的区别等。本书认为只要逻辑上实现了主语和谓语便形成分句。于是,学生可以看到传统语法书介绍的独立主格结构,分词作状语等等繁琐复杂的语言现象其实都可以用现代语法的分句类型去划分与归纳。从而使他们对英语的认知得到扩展和系统化,使传统语法所认为的特殊现象变得自然起来。

新编国际商务英语教程 篇3

一、从词汇角度分析

1.医学英语大量使用了来源于希腊语和拉丁语的医学术语。由于古希腊与古罗马文化曾先后对医学的发展产生过巨大的影响， 而且希腊语与拉丁语词汇丰富， 词汇意义单一，构词原则简单， 构词能力较强， 所以我们今天所见到的绝大多数医学英语术语都是由希腊语词素和拉丁语词素合成的。来源于希腊语和拉丁语的医学英

语术语具有以下两个方面的特点：直接来源于希腊语和拉丁语的医学专业词汇， 仍然保留了希腊语和拉丁语的原型， 例如来自拉丁语的词汇： cerebrum（ 大脑）、uterus（ 子宫）、stupor（ 昏迷） 等； 来自希腊语的词汇： thorax（ 胸） 、pharynx （ 咽） 、stasis（ 停滞） 等。利用希腊语和拉丁语的词素（ 词根或词缀） 通过派生的方法组合成医学术语， 这些派生词在医学英语词汇中数量最多， 例如： electrocardiogram （ 心电图，electro-电， cardio-心，-gram 图） 、bactericide （ 杀菌剂， bacterio-细菌，-cide 杀） 、hypertension （ 高血压，hyper-高，-tension 紧张） 、uterography （ 子宫造影术， utero-子宫，-graphy 造影术） 等。

2.医学英语词汇经常使用两栖词汇。医学英语词汇的另一来源是借用普通英语的词汇。在医学专业文章中有许多普通词汇用作医学专业术语时， 具有与普通意义不同的医学涵义， 这些词汇简称为两栖词汇。两栖词汇大约有800～ 900 个，它们在医学英语中使用频率较高， 所占地位也很重要。两栖词汇大体上可以分为两种类型， 第一种为引申词汇， 这类词的医学含义与普通意义之间有直接的关系， 是普通含义的引申或转化， 容易被理解与掌握， 例如delivery（ 投递， 交货-分娩）、appendix （ 附件-阑尾） 、attack （ 袭击-发作） 等； 另一类是独立词汇， 这类词汇的医学含义与普通意义没有显而易见的联系， 不是普通含义的引申， 所以不能从普通含义推断其医学意义， 例如： culture（文化-培养） 、pupil（小学生-瞳孔）、stool（凳子-粪便）、humor（幽默-体液）、complication（ 复杂-并发症）等。

3.医学英语较多使用缩略语和专有名词转化来的词汇。从构成上看， 医学缩略语主要包括以下几种形式： 由组成该缩略语的每个单词的首字母大写顺向或反向构成， 例如：AIDS（ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome， 获得性免疫缺陷综合征）；由组成缩略语单词的小写首字母加圆点构成， 例如：t. i. d.（ 拉丁语处方用词， 一日3次） 等；由单词中的几个字母大写或小写构成， 例如： f lu（ influenza， 流感） 、 ECG（ electrocardiogram， 心电图）等。缩略语的使用节约了时间和篇幅， 使得医学英语词汇与词组的表达简洁明了， 易于记忆。

二、从语法角度分析

1.多用一般现在时。医学文章多数是陈述客观事实， 如叙述某个系统的结构、功能， 某种疾病的症状、病理、预防等， 所以一般现在时较为多见。

Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infection. （Unit 7， Text 2）

2.被动语态使用相对较多。医学文章以叙事为主， 主动语态屡见不鲜， 但科技文体常为显示其客观性， 避免感情色彩， 句中常不用象w e， you， I 等主语， 有时为了强调所说的事实（ 动作的承受者） ， 有时并不知道或无需知道动作的执行者， 基于这些原因， 医学英语中被动语态的使用频率较高； 秦秀白等作过统计， 科技文体使用被动语态的句子要比文学文体多5～ 6 倍，如下列句子：

（1）Seasonal influenza is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever， cough， headache， muscle and joint pain， severe malaise， sore throat and runny nose. （Unit 2， Text 2）

（2）An ear infection means that the middle ear is infected. （Unit 5， Text 1）

3.用one， person，代替you或we 来表示泛指的概念如：

（1）Being bitten by someone who is infected.

（2）A liver of a person infected with hepatitis B swells. （Unit 8， Text 2）

4.句子完整， 复杂句和并列句多， 简单句少。有人统计过在医学英语中简单句占15%， 并列句占35%， 复杂句占50% ； 所以医学英语中长句多， 短句少， 含有定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句的这些长句能表达较多的信息， 且能表示信息之间说明、解释等内在关系， 也体现出医学文体富有的逻辑性。例如：

nlc202309012034

（1）Ischemic stokes are ultimately caused by a thrombus or embolus that blocks blood flow to the brain. （Unit 15， Text 2）

（2）One defining feature of a cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries， and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs. （Unit 9， Text 1）

5.频繁使用插入语。医学文章中句子的容量较大， 含有的信息较多， 除使用主从复合句外， 也常用插入语的形式对叙述的事物进行补充说明使表达更全面。如：

（1）Particularly common times for women to become depressed are after childbirth （postnatal depression） and the menopause. （Unit 17， Text 1）

（2）The blood vessels become narrower and less flexible， also known as atherosclerosis （or hardening of the arteries.） （Unit 6， Text 1）

三、从文体修辞角度分析

医学文章多是说明性的， 而不是描述性的， 它的语言风格重在准确严谨， 而不追求表达的艺术价值， 故在文学作品中多见的修辞手法如比喻， 拟人， 夸张等在医学英语中十分少见。

1.汉语用动词的地方，在医学英语中往往用名词来表示，如：

（1）Carbon dioxide retention is a major restriction to the use of sedatives，tranquilizers，or narcotics in heart failure.

二氧化碳蓄积是对心力衰竭限制使用镇静、安定或麻醉等药物的主要原因。

（2） The occurrence of peptic ulcer in some patients with hiatal hernia may necessitate consideration of both diagnosis.

对一些裂孔病患者，出现消化性溃疡时，须考虑两种疾患的诊断。

2.医学英语还广泛地使用名词词组，简洁而确切地表述某一概念或事物。如：ear cough（耳性咳）、heart failure（心力衰竭）、serum bilirubin levels（血清胆红素值）。

四、小结

笔者通过分析教材《新编实用医学英语教程》，简单介绍了医学英语在词汇、语法、文体修辞方面具有的一些语言特点。由于语言具有的复杂性及多产性，还有更多的特点， 如语法方面的否定、定语移位等特色有待于语言教学工作者去研究和探讨。医学生在学习专业英语过程中，通过语言的不同角度了解，便能更好地掌握医学英语，借此工具去阅读国外医学书刊、杂志，从中获得更多更新的专业知识和信息，不断提高医学专业水平。

参考文献：

[1]李永安.新编实用医学英语教程[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社，2013.

[2]秦秀白.英语文体学入门[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社，1986.

[3]胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福.语言学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社，1988.

新编英语教程4练习册翻译答案 篇4

1.每当他午夜下班回家，他总是蹑手蹑脚地上楼，以免吵醒邻居。

Every time he rerurned home from work at midnight,he would tiptoe upstairs ,trying not to disturb his neighbours.2.为了与新来的邻居建立一种和睦的关系，格林先生不失时机地主动帮她把行李搬进屋子。

To establish some kind of rapport with his new neighbour,Mr.Green lost no chance in offering to carry her luggage to the house.4.要不是她的朋友时常鼓励她，帮助她，她将一事无成。

If it had not been for the constant encouragement and help from her friend ,she couldn’t have accomplished anything..5.几天前他还对这项计划嗤之以鼻，可是他现在却以高涨的热情去努力落实这项计划，这真是令人难以理解的转变。

It was only a few days ago that he was full of contempt for the new project ,but now he is working hard with zest for its realization.what a battling change!

6.从她的自传可以断定，她对那名钢琴师始终怀有一种复杂的感情。

Judging from her autobiography,she always had mixed feelings for that pianist.7.她在大厅里候机时与两名美国旅行者攀谈起来，谈到了很多有趣的跨文化方面的问题。

Whiling wating in the lounge for the flight ,he struck up a conversation with two American travellers and touched on many interesting corss-cultural issues.8.这些女孩子都害怕晚上单身一人值夜班。These girls all dread working alone on night duty.9.我不在乎加班工作，我在乎的是在周末尽是做一些无意义的琐碎杂务。

I don’t mind working overtime.what I do mind is working on those insignificant trivial things during the weekend.10.事实上没有人要求他们在开学的第一天去干什么。当他们看到教室里乱七八糟时，便自发地打扫了起来。Actually nobody asked them to do anything on the first day of school.When they saw the classroom in such a mess,however ,they cleaned it spontaneously.Unit2

1.一种莫名的疾病严重影响了他的大脑，使他丧失了全部记忆。

An unknown disease affected his brain so badly that he lost his memory completely.2.聚集在法院外进行抗议的人群并没有对这个太平洋岛国的法官和陪审团产生任何影响。

The protesting crowds outside the courthouse had no effect at all on the judges and the jury of this Pacific island country.3.一个做了亏心事的人听的哦啊每一响声都如同惊弓之鸟。A guilty man apprehends danger in every sound.4.她温柔的声音和慈祥的笑容使屋子里的每个人都感到轻松自在。

Her soft voice and gracious smile put everyone in the room at ease.5.只有当你很好地掌握了各种语体之后才能在各种场合恰如其分地用英语进行表达。

Not until you have a good command of a scale of styles can you speak English appropriately in different situations.6.对现代经济学的一知半解是导致他经营失败的原因之一。

His haphazard knowledge of modern economics was one of the reasons why he failed in his business.7.信赖的总经理很不习惯公司里同事们称呼他的方式。

The new general manager did not feel very comfortable with the way he was addressed by his colleagues in the company.8.无论他作何种努力来改变其在公众心目中的形象，都无济于事。

No matter how hard he had tried ,his efforts to improve his image in the mind of the public proved to be ineffective.9.指挥官从没有想到他的士兵会无视他的命令。

It was the last thing that occurred to the commander that his souldiers would defy his orders.10.作文课的老师认为这些话是陈词滥调，可是它们对学生却又很大的吸引力。

Although the composition teacher considers these expressions nothing but cliches,they appeal very much to the students.Unit 3

1.这个看上去饱经风霜的渔翁伸出他那由于辛劳而布满老茧的双手，开始讲述了他海上生活的艰难历程。Holding out his work-gnarled hands,the old fishman with a weather-beaten face started to tell us about the hardship of his life on the sea.2.小女孩显然受伤不轻。她哭了好几个小时，现在仍在呻吟。

The little girl is apparently badly injured.She’s been crying for hours and she’s still moaning.3.当诺贝尔奖得主由主席陪同走上讲台时，整个大厅顿时爆发出一阵欢呼声和鼓掌声。

As the Nopel Prize winner went onto the platform escorted by the chairman ,the whole hall rocked with cheers and clapping.4.舞会进行到高潮时，舞厅里一片乐曲和歌声。

When the dance party was in full swing ,music and songs swriled all aroud the ballroom.5.不知是何原因，许多大学生又表现出对中国传统戏剧如京剧和越剧的浓厚兴趣。

For reasons that are not quite undersood ,there has been a revival of strong interest in traditional Chinese drama,such as Beijing Opera and Shaoxing Opera,among the college students.6.由于人们成群结队地涌向街头去观看一年一度的节日庆典游行，市中心的交通一度被中断了。

The traffic downtown was held up for a while because croeds of people swarmed into the streets to watch the annual holiday parade.7.当这个小伙子看到心碎了的父母亲时，他为自己给家庭带来这么多麻烦而深感愧疚，他跪在8.她们的面前祈求宽恕。When he say his heart-broken parents,the young man felt so ashamed of himself for causing so much trouble to the family that he went on his knees and begged their forgiveness.8.看到了久别了的儿子下了船，老人激动不已，可出乎意料的是，小伙子却视而不见转身就走。

He was very excited at the sight of his son ,whom he had not met for a long time ,getting off the ship.But it was quite out of expectation that his son pretended not to see him ,and turning his back to his father ,the young man walked off right away.9.这两个邻国结束了长达十年的战争，签署了合约。自那时起，两国的经济交往和双边贸易得到迅猛发展。The two neighbouring countries stopped the decade-long war and signed a peace agreement.From them on ,their economic exchange and bilateral trade developed by leaps and bounds.10.当这位诺贝尔物理奖获得者出现在师生面前，全场一片欢腾。她的演讲不时被震耳欲聋的掌声所打断。As soon as the winner of Nobel Prize of physics appeared before the faculty and students ,the hall broke into a sea of cheers.And his speech was punctuated by deafening clapping.Unit 4

1.除非你在阅读过程中积极思考，否则是不大可能理解逻辑学的文章的。

You are not likely to grasp an article on logic unless you think actively in the course while writing.2.依作者所见，阅读一本好书的最有效的方法之一是在阅读时动手评注。

According to the author ,one of the most effective ways to read a good book is by writing between the lines while reading.3.他全神贯注地投入在一项克隆实验工作上，根本没有察觉到我进入实验室。

He was so absorbed in one of his cloning experimets that he wasn’t aware of my entering the laboratory at all.4.我不认为幸福在于获取自己所需，我认为性欲在于为社会尽责任。

I don’t think happiness consists in obtaining what you need ,I believe happiness consists in doing what you can for socity.5.气压，氧气和温度是宇航员在月球上赖以生存的基本条件。

Air pressure ,oxygen and temperature are among the conditions indispensable to the survival of the astronauts on the moon.6.从某种意义上说，研究生也属于科研人员。

In a certain sense ,postgraduate students are also researchers.7.他宁愿把所观察到的东西，无论大事小事，都用笔记下来，也不愿用脑记，因为他相信这么一句话，“好记性不如烂笔头。

He would rather set down what he has obseved,important or trival ,in his notebook than commit it to his memory ,because he believes in the remark that “The worst pen is better than the best memory”.8.学生原本指望他会解释锐利观察和逻辑思维为何是科学研究必不可少的品质，但是他的一番讲话不仅没有使人明白，倒反而使人更糊涂了。

He was suppose to explain to the students why sharp observation and logical thinking were indispensable qualities to research work ,but his talk was more confusing than clarifying.9.根据他所提出来的外语学习的理论，一个人在精神松弛的状态下学习英语要比在精神集中的状态下学习英语更有效。

According to his theory of foreign language learning ,one can better learn English in a state of relaxation than in a state of concentration.10.计划和列提纲只是写作的前奏曲，一篇论文的撰写还需要经过初稿，修改，编审等环节。

Planning and outlining are only a prelude to writing.Drafting ,revising and editing are necessary steps required of thsis wrting.Unit 6

1.他作为一名著名演员其实并不轻松。他必须不断提高演技以迎接新的挑战。

Being a famous actor ,he actually does not have an easy time of it.He must constantly improve his acting to meet new challenges.2.校报上宣布，国际劳动节的夜晚将举行盛大校友晚会。

As was announced in the universary newspaper ,a grand alumni party will be held on the evening of the International Labour Day.3.激动地孩子们度过了一个未眠之夜，于次日前便拂晓前便起身去海边，满怀希望能见到日出。

After a sleepless night ,the excited children got up before dawn the next day and headed for the sea in the hope that they could see the sunrise.4.这名心理学教授退休后不甘闲逸，开始从事儿童教育游戏的开发工作。

Agter retirement ,the psychology professor,unwilling to live an inactive life ,took to developing educational games for children.5.越来越多的国家通过了严禁任何人在国境线内任意猎取野生动物的法律。

An increasing number of countries have passed the law which forbids anyone to hunt wildlife at will on the territory of their countries.6.看到这些孩子熟练地在因特网上搜去信息，我便想起了我的孩提时代。那是我不知道电脑除了文字处理之外还能做什么。

The sight of the children’s skiilful serch for information on the Internet brought o my mind my own childhood.At that time I had no idea of what else a computer could do besides word processing.7.我不知道在动物世界里是否总是弱肉强食。

I don’t know if it is always the case in the animal world that stronger animals prey upon the weaker ones.8.许多人对他们所居住的城市里雨后春笋地冒出摩天大楼而深感自豪，他们还误以为摩天大楼是现代化的同义词呢。

Many people are very proud of the skyscrapers that have mushroomed in their cities ,with the mistake idea that skyscrapers are the synonym of modernization.9.我不认为这是一起偶然时间。从车子被撞的样子来看，这肯定是蓄意谋杀。

I don’t think it was an accident ,Judging from the way the car was hit ,it was definitely a deliberate murder.10.掌握好体操技巧需要多年的训练，掌握好英语技能也是如此。

The mastery of gymnastic skills requires years of training.The same is true with the mastery of English skills.Unit 7

1.他们一直在痛苦中等待，直至警察救出了他们被绑架女儿的消息传来。

They had been waiting in anguish until the news came that the police had rescued their kidnapped daughter.2.情绪激动的老人打开儿子从海外寄来的信，他越想控制住发抖的双手，他们发抖的越厉害。

The emotional old man opened the letter his son sent him from overseas.The harder he tried to control his trembling hands ,the more trembling they became.3.虽然他们从狼的口中救出了那头羊，但看到羊全身痛苦地抽搐着，他们感到很难受。

They saved the sheep form the grip of the wolf ,but it hurt them very badly to see the wounded sheep writing in pain.4.他一步不停地跑向火车站，到那里时已经气喘吁吁，满头大汗。

He ran all the way to the railway station without stopping and when he arrived there,he was out of breath with sweat trickling down his cheeks.5.一场突如其来的瓢泼大雨使路人仓皇逃向路边的商店避雨。

A studden dowmpour sent the pedestrians scurrying for shelter in the stores along the streets.6.看到受伤的水牛在狮子的围攻中痛苦地挣扎，猎人出于怜悯开枪将它打死。

Seeing the wounded buffalo struggling in pain under the attack of the lions ,the hunter shot it dead out of pity.7.尽管实验一次次的失败，他们的热情非但没有消失，反而更加高涨。

Althouth their experiments failed again and again ,their enthusiasm ,instead of ebbing away ,was rising.8.他们从未料到新的合作者竟然是个无耻之徒。当再次相见时，他们的怨气和他的鄙视油然而生。It never occurred to them that their new parner was such a mean person.A swelling feeling of rage and contempt rose in them when they met again.9.尽管他做了最好的准备，但一想到将在拳击场上面对那个世界冠军，便不寒而栗。

Although he was well prepared ,he felt an involuntary chill on his back at the thought of fighting in the boxing ring with the world champion.10当大夫告诉他这只是一次小手术，时间不会超过一个小时时，他脸上露出了将信将疑的神色。When the doctor told him that it was only a minor operation that would take no more than an hour ,there was an incredulous look on his face.Unit 8

1.我连汽车都不会开，更不用说飞机了。I can’t drive a car ,let alone fly an airplane.2.北极居住着各族人民。与北极显然不同的是，南极却没有永久性的居民，因为那里的气候不利于人类生存。

The Artic is populated with people of different nationalities ,The Antarctic ,in contrast ,has no premanent residents because the climate there is unfavourable to human survival.3.虽然她在接受心脏手术后自我感觉正常，但是医生却坚持认为她应该隔天去医院检查一次。

Although she felt like a normal person after the heart surgery ,the doctor insisted that she should go to the hospital for examination every other day.4.挂不得他们一场一场地输球，他们已好久没有训练了。

Small wonder they lost the games time and again ,they had been out of training for quite some time.5.我总觉得相当数量的董事会成员会强烈反对我们的改革计划。

I am inclined to think that there will be strong opposition to our reform plan among quite a few board members.6.公司上上下下都认为新来的总经理目光远大，足智多谋，富有竞争意识。

The employees of the company at all levels think of their new manger as farsighted ,resourceful and highly competitive.7.我们不能姑息任何人的有害社会秩序的行为，不管他是谁，不管他来自何处。

No matter who he is or where he is from ,we cannot tolerate anyone’s behaviour that is jnjurious to social order.8.所有那些声称见过神秘野人的人都肯定地认为，野人最显著的特征是巨大的身材。

Those who claimed to have set eyes on the musterious savage in the forst all affirmed that the most distinctive feature of the savage was its huge size.9.关于小岛上饮用水的质量问题，据登岛探险家的报道，岛上的水有一种甘甜清新的味道。

As regards the quality of the drinking water on that small island ,the explorers who set foot on the island reported that it was sweet ,pleasant and refreshing.10.从经济收益方面来考虑，出版学术专著的主要问题在于这类书记的销量较少，平均每次印刷的数量只有数百本而已。

As far as the business porfits are concerned ,the main drawback of the publicationof academic treatises is that they usually do not smell well ,with ad average number of only several hundred copied for each printing.Unit 9

1.我真的怀疑经过处理的饮用水能够提供人类健康所必需的矿物质。

I really doubt if the treated drinking water will truly provide sufficient minerals that are essential to human health.2.灿烂雅文化是如何从地球上突然消失的？这始终是一个难解之谜。

As to how the splendid Maya Culture disapprared all of a sudden from the earth ,it remains a mustery hard to solve.3.当弄清楚是一只大老鼠导致传动系统中断运动时，我们都松了一口气。不久传送系统便恢复了正常运转。When it was made plain that it was a big rat that had caused the breakdown of the transmission system ,we all felt relieved.soon the system was brought to its norml operation.4.当他得知他因年事已高而不能参加这次航天旅行时，他几乎陷入绝望。为了参加这次梦寐以求的旅行，他足足准备了三年。

He was almost driven to despair when he learned that he was considered too old to take part in the space voyage.He had spend three years preparing for this long-dreamed-of trip.5.由于该地区唯一的交通工具是毛驴，这次旅行简直是一场灾难。我们大部分时间都是在驴背上颠簸。大家几乎被炎热的天气和飞扬的尘土所窒息。

The trip turned out to be a disaster ,for the only means of transport available in that area were donkeys.We spend most of our time joggling on the backs of these animals ,almost stifled by the heat and swirling dust.6.他不是一个很受学生欢迎的教授，因为他在讲课时总是走题和拖堂。

He was not a very popular professor among the students because he would invariably wander off his topic during the course of his lecture and drag the class into the time for break.7.这个大收藏家声称，他的收藏品里有几幅价值连城的画，没有人买得起。

The prominent collector declared that his collection included some invaluable paintings that no one could afford to buy.8.为了挽救被蝎子所叮的小孩的生命，村民们想方设法减缓毒素产生的作用。

To save the life of the little boy stung by a scorpion ,the villagers used all the means and ways available to reduce the effect of poisoning.9.这座城市举办的一年一度的冰雕节吸引了来自全国的各类人士。

The annnual Ice Sculpture Festival in this town attracted all manner of people from all over the country.10.由于战争和自然灾害，一些国家陷入极度贫困中。联合国的一名官员强调，正因为如此，发达国家应承担责任，为发展中国家的经济发展做出新的贡献。

新编国际商务英语教程 篇5

Invite people to join daily activities

Invite people to formal occasions Make a written invitation

(write an invitation card or a letter)for:

Personal invitation

Official occasions Give a reply to:

An oral invitation

A written invitation What you should know about Invitation culture: western and Chinese Word order in a subordinate clause Requirements: After learning this unit, students should grasp: 1.Read and understand the meaning of invitation cards and letters 2.How to write invitation cards and letters and remember the patterns of invitation cards and letters 3.How to invite people to party or dinner, and how to accept and decline invitations 4.The customs of inviting people in different countries 5.Important words, phrases and language points in the passage In our daily life, we need to invite others to dinner or take part in all kinds of parties, so we should know about western custom about invitation.Foreign custom is much stricter than Chinese custom in the matter of replying to invitations.When you receive an invitation you should answer is immediately, saying definitely whether you are able to accept it or not.If the invitation is given by word of mouth, in conversation or at a chance meeting, you should answer at once whether you can come or not.If you cannot give an answer at that time, you may say “May I let you know this evening” or some such words.By studying this unit, we will know about how to invite the others, how to accept or decline the invitation, and how to write invitation cards/letters.Section I Talking Face to Face 1.Imitating Mini-Talks 2.Acting out the Tasks 3.Studying Email Information on the Internet 4.Following Sample Dialogues 5.Putting Language to Use Section II Being All Ears 1.Learning Sentences for Workplace Communication 2.Handling a Dialogue 3.Understanding a Short Speech / Talk Section III Trying your Hand

1.Practicing Applied Writing 2.Writing Sentences and Reviewing Grammar Section IV Maintaining a Sharp Eye Passage 1 :

Information Related to the Reading Passage

Whether it is to a wedding, a dinner party, shower or gala event, an invitation comes with some important obligations.Here’s a quick guide to keep you on the guest list.1.R.S.V.P

From the French “Répondez, s’il vous plait”, it means “Please reply.” This little code has been around for a long time and it’s definitely telling you that your hosts want to know if you are attending.Reply promptly, within a day or two of receiving an invitation.2.How do I respond? Reply in the manner indicated on the invitation.R.S.V.P and no response card: a handwritten response to the host at the return address on the envelope.Response Card: fill in and reply by the date indicated and return in the enclosed envelope.R.S.V.P with phone number: telephone and make sure to speak in person — answering machines can be unreliable.R.S.V.P with e-mail: you may accept or decline electronically.Regrets only: reply only if you cannot attend.If your host doesn’t hear from you, he is expecting you!

No reply requested? Unusual, but it is always polite to let someone know your intentions.A phone call would be sufficient.3.Is that your final answer?

Changing a “yes” to a “no” is only acceptable on account of: illness or injury, a death in the family or an unavoidable professional or business conflict.Call your hosts immediately.Canceling because you have a “better” offer is a surefire way to get dropped from ALL the guest lists.Being a “no show” is unacceptable.Changing

a

“no”

to

a

“yes”

is OK only if it will not upset the hosts’ arrangements.4.“May I bring „?”

Don’t even ask!An invitation is extended to the people the hosts want to invite — and no one else.„ a date.Some invitations indicate that you may invite a guest or date(Mr.John Evans and Guest)and when you reply, you should indicate whether you are bringing someone, and convey their name.„ my children.If they were invited, the invitation would have said so.„ my houseguest.It’s best to decline the invitation, stating the reason.This gives your host the option to extend the invitation to your guests, or not.5.Say “Thank You.”

Make sure to thank your hosts before you leave, and then again by phone or note the next day.Text Business Invitation

A case of mistaken identity!Don’t worry, we’ve been assured that this mystery will be

solved in time for our Holiday Office Party We’re leaving the investigation to those who do it best.Let’s get away from all those computers, papers and mess and come to our office party in your best suit or dress.Come join us and Toast the Season Thursday, December 9th 2010 5:00 P.M.The Columbia House – Penthouse Floor 485 Jefferson Plaza Leonard, Barley, Travis, Bailey and Smith

Regrets only to Dianne 248-8522 It would be a crime to miss our party or not be on time

485 Jefferson Plaza

Business invitations can be informal or formal.Although invitations are usually sent through the mail, informal invitations such as e-mail and phone invitations are becoming more acceptable.Invitation Timing

For most formal occasions, it’s best to invite guests three or four weeks in advance.If you choose to invite your guests by phone, remind them again in writing two weeks before the gathering.Here are a few guidelines for your information: ● Six to eight months before an important seminar to which out-of-town executives are invited.● Four weeks before an evening reception.● Two to four weeks before a cocktail party.Invitation Format

Formal business invitations are most commonly printed on white or off-white high-quality paper.A company can use any color of paper it desires, as long as it upholds and promotes the company’s image.With preprinted invitations, you simply fill in the blanks to tell what, where, and when the party will be and who is giving it.It’s also acceptable to include an RSVP notation and your phone number or address on the invitation for more accurate planning.Responding to an Invitation

Either use the address or phone number printed in the lower left corner of the invitation or return the RSVP card sent with the invitation.If a “Please reply by” a given date is included in the invitation, be polite enough to reply by that date.If the words “Regrets only” are printed in the lower left corner of the invitation, you need only to inform the host if you will not be able to attend.If your host does not hear from you, you are expected to attend.Never ask to bring a guest unless the invitation states “Mr.Louis Winthorp and Guest.” Most likely, the host will have only enough food and drinks for the number of people he invites.Showing up with an uninvited friend could turn out to be an embarrassing situation for everyone.Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1.(Para.1)Although invitations are usually sent through the mail, informal invitations such as e-mails and phone invitations are becoming more acceptable.Analysis: such as means “of the same kind, like” and should be followed by nouns or noun phrases.Translation: 虽然邀请函通常通过信函方式发出，但目前像电子邮件、电话邀请

等非正式邀请越来越被普遍使用。Example: Our discussions were all about issues such as education and

climate change.2.(Para.4)It’s also acceptable to include an RSVP notation and your phone number or address on the invitation for more accurate planning.Analysis: It’s also acceptable to do „ means “It’s also good enough to be received to do „”

Translation: 如果为了使计划更加周密，也可以在邀请函中加上请回复的字样，以及电话号码或联系地址。

3.(Para.5)If a “Please reply by” a given date is included in the invitation, be polite enough to reply by that date.Analysis: If „ is a conditional clause followed by an imperative sentence Translation: 如果邀请函中包括“请于某日之前回复”的字样，则需要在规定日期前回复。

Example: If you choose to invite your guests by phone, remind them again in writing two weeks before the gathering.Example: It’s acceptable to play tricks on your friends on April 1st.4.(Para.6)Never ask to bring a guest unless the invitation states “Mr.Louis Winthorp and Guest.”

Analysis: Never „ unless „ is “double negative”, which means “You can bring a guest if the invitation states „”

Translation: 如若邀请函上没有说明“邀请某某先生和朋友”，不要向邀请方要 求带同伴。

Example: Some people are never happy unless they are in the limelight showing off.2 Important Words 1.in advance

before in time 提前 e.g.Can I sign up for this course in advance? Quality Buildings usually hire its temporary workers well in advance as the need arises.2.seminar n.a small class of usually advanced students meeting to study some subject with a teacher 讨论会，研讨班

e.g.He I’m very sorry about not setting the seminar on time.There is a computer network seminar tomorrow afternoon.3.uphold

v.to support, prevent from being weakened or taken away

支持，赞成 e.g.I want to love as a kind of faith to uphold.All staff uphold integrity-based quality first principle.4.image

n.the opinion people have of a person, organization, product etc.形象 e.g.The hotel industry is working hard on improving its image.The party has to project the right image.5.given

a.fixed for a purpose and stated as such 给定的，特定的 e.g.The work must be done within the given time.At any given time, the status of technical progress is relatively inflexible.6.likely

ad.probably 可能 e.g.I’d very likely have done the same thing in your situation.As likely as not(very probably), the meeting will take place in the village pub.Passage 2 :

Information Related to the Reading Passage

This is an informal invitation letter between friends.The tone of this letter is casual.The language is not so formal.This kind of informal invitation letter is often written in the first person.For example, “in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.” “and it would be nice if you could come then, too.” But a formal invitation card is usually written in the third person.Text An Invitation Letter My dear Michael, It seems ages since we heard from you — and even longer since you went to work in China.But recently we happened to bump into Charlie Wright at a party, and from him we learnt that you and Lucia will be coming to England over the Christmas holidays.So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.I am still teaching English Literature in a university and I am getting well along with my colleagues.I also have some Chinese students here, who are very friendly and intelligent.I imagine you will be spending Christmas with your parents, but surely you will have some time after that before your Christmas holidays end.We shall be having two other friends of ours staying with us over the New Year weekend, and it would be nice if you could come then, too.Mike and Rosa Griffiths are old friends and a very nice couple;I’m sure you will like them.They used to live in China, too, so we shall have something in common.And if we get some decent weather, we might all go off one day and visit the Carters — I’m sure we can get Uncle Arthur to lend us his minibus.There’s not a great deal to report from our end.Mary is well and still enjoying her school teaching(at least, I think so);the children are growing up at a terrifying rate;I am still working for Sanderson’s and like it well enough — though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago.But let’s hope you will soon be here to see for yourselves — and help us see the New Year in!I’d better stop here now;I’m supposed to be spending this evening writing Christmas cards.Write or phone as soon as you can — and come!Love from us all!

Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1.(Para.1)It seems ages since we heard from you.Analysis: It seems ages since...means “It seems a long time since...” Translation: 似乎很长时间没有收到你的信了。Example: It seems ages since I saw you in Shanghai.2.(Para.1)So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.Analysis: To make sure...is an adverbial of purpose, and in the hope, a prepositional phrase is used also as an adverbial of purpose.Translation: 所以我马上写信，好让你在离开上海之前肯定收到这封信——希望你们俩能在英格兰逗留期间和我们一起住几天。

3.(Para.3)I imagine you will be spending Christmas with your parents, but surely you will have some time after that before your Christmas holidays end.Analysis: Surely is used to express that someone is certain or almost certain about something.Translation: 我猜想你将在你的父母家过圣诞节, 但肯定在你的圣诞节假日结束之前还会有一些时间。

Example: These children surely deserve something better than a life on the streets.Example: I am sending this card to you today — to make sure you receive it before the Christmas Day.4.(Para.4)I am still working for Sanderson’s and liking it well enough — though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago.Analysis: Sanderson’s here refers to a company implying Sanderson’s company;though is introducing a participle clause pining for...and serving as the adverbial of concession.Translation: 我还在桑德森公司工作，而且工作很称心——虽然偶尔我也渴望从前自由自在的日子。

Example: They are working happily with Kent’s, though sometimes pining for the footloose school days.2 Important Words 1.bump into

to meet somebody by chance 偶然碰到，偶然遇到 e.g.We bumped into Kate when we were in London last week.She bumped into his tray, knocking the food onto his lap.2.straightaway

ad.do without delay, especially it has to be done urgently 马上，立刻 e.g.I’ll come around straightaway with the files.We’d better start work straightaway.3.colleague

n.someone that you work with 同事

e.g.I’d like you to meet a colleague of mine, Jean Michael.He was never particularly popular with his colleagues.4.decent

a.of a good enough quality or standard 得体的，像样的，体面的 e.g.I want to provide my boys with a decent education.There isn’t one decent restaurant around.5.terrify

v.to frighten someone severely 威胁，恐吓，惊吓 e.g.We terrified the girls with spooky stories.He terrified her by jumping out at her from a dark alley.6.pine for

新编教育学教程 篇6

作为“教程”，我们首先把编写的立足点移到学习该课程的学生一边，即从一个师范生所必需的教育学学科修养出发考虑教材的组织。立足点的转变带来了视角的变化和全书结构的变化，迈出了“新编”的第一步。我们认为，作为高等师范院校的毕业生，首先应对教育的功能有清晰的认识，树立坚定的教育信念和科学的教育观，并以此指导自已的教育实践。其次，未来的教师应了解学校教育的整体模式，从目的、制度到课程，明确自己未来的具体工作是在怎样的整体结构内开展的，这将拓展他的教育学视野和修养，使他可能在具体的教育工作中理解和体现整体性的要求。最后，根据教师的工作处于学校教育第一线的特点，作为教程应把全书的重点放在为他们提供对学校教育活动的剖析，提供开展各类教育活动的理论指导和方法指导。这样，就构成了《新编教育学教程》三大编的结构模式。从三编的内在联系看，这是对教育的认识从功能到实践，从学校外部到学校内部，从一般到具体的逐级内化过程。

在内容上，我们编写的原则是坚持用辩证唯物主义的观点分析研究教育现象，把史与论结合起来，反映当代教育科学的新成果和新思想，反映我国教育事业的发展和经验，写出我们对当代教育问题的思考。我们始终没 有忘记，这本教材是在二十世纪九十年代初编写的，是中国人编写的，是为即将为二十一世纪教师队伍的主力军编写的，它应该具有时代的和中国的气息。

为了让使用本教材的教师和学生阅读教材后获得较大的信息量，可依此进行独立思考和判断，我们在书中提供了较多的资料，对一些有争议的问题列出了不同的观点，也发表了我们的见解。自然，受篇幅和自身水平的限制，这一切都还是不足的。为了弥补，我们在注释、附录和参考书目中又提供了较广范围的阅读线索。读者可根据不同的兴趣和需要自行选择阅读材料，教师可根据学生的实际情况规定必读范围。我们希望这《新编教育学教程》能为教师选择教学参考资料和学生进一步自学提供一些帮助。

在练习设计方面，我们抓住的是基本概念、基本观点、基本问题三个方面，力求让学生思考问题时综合地运用已有的知识和经验，加强对教育学的理解和体验。有些问题还带有实践性和操作性，希望能有益于学生在某些方面能力的培养。教师可根据教学实际，选择其中的一部分，或增加新的思考题。

新编国际商务英语教程 篇7

章振邦《新编英语语法教程》初版于1983年,先后经过三次修订,几十次印刷,累计印数达一百余万册,可以说是高校英语教学中用的最普遍的语法教材之一。章振邦教授编写的这部教材能历经几十年而不衰,可见这部教材的经典性,事实上它的经典之处就在于它的“新”,虽然教材从80年代就诞生了,但是它的一直不断的“新”的成长,就体现在编者不辞劳苦,兢兢业业的认真修订。教材的主编是一生从事语法研究的章振邦教授,他以其专研学术的精神守护着语法这一论题,又以其严谨的治学行为不断书写着教程新的篇章,正如正如上海外国语大学校内刊《导师耕耘录》(2010年第41辑刊印发行)中所评价的那样“年龄最长者为章振邦教授,虽已92岁,但离休至今仍然笔耕不辍,《新编英语语法》系列丛书还不断修订至臻”,(1)这种修订必将能保证教程一直能保持一种新的眼光,这体现着老教授人格的魅力,也展现着章教授严谨的学术风度。比如在第四版前言中,章振邦教授对第三版和第四版所作的比较,对其学术精神就可见一斑,他的说明是“《教程》第四版是在第三版的基础上略加补充和修订的:主要在“名词的数”、“冠词用法”“假设意义法综述”等方面做了必要的补充,此外还调换和补充了少量的练习和例句,并做了一些文字上的修改,主要框架没有变动,第三次修订后,学生用书净增了8万字。”这种条分缕析的说明,又一次在强调着,教程修订版本所作出的新的努力,当然,事实上教程也真的是几于完美。但是笔者通过对本教程的研究和教学发现,实际上教程美中不足的地方在于,有些地方“简单问题复杂化”的倾向。这篇论文主要选用“情态动词表能力为例”详细剖析这一现象,希望能引起语法教与学的重视。

2《新编英语语法教程》中情态动词表能力的“简单问题复杂化”的个例分析

在教学中我们应该尽量删繁就简,这已经是一个课堂教学的默认规则,因为只有删繁就简,才能更好的使学生领会知识点,然后学以致用,特别是语法教学更应该尽可能简化语法规则才能取得好的效果,事实上章振邦教授也充分认识到了这一点,所以他指出“教程中虚拟式简化、两时两体地引进”旨在简化语法,也就是使问题尽量简单化,但是事实是,在具体的操作中有时候《新教程》的讲解却流于过细,过犹不及反而有“简单问题复杂化”之嫌,在这里我们来细读一下《新教程》情态动词表能力的讲解。首先教程讲到,英语中情态动词表能力常用“can/could/be able to”,然后具体是这样讲的,(2)我们引文如下:

can既能表示现在的“能力”又能表示将来的“能力”,can表示现在的能力,既可表示做某桩具体事情的能力也可泛指做一般事情的能力,can表示能力与be able to同义,在许多情况下可以交替使用,尤其是将来的能力,通常用will/shallbe able to表示,当然,要表示将来做某桩具体事情的能力也可用can;表示过去的能力,可用could和was/were able to,但在肯定句中,could所表示的“能力”仅是泛指过去的一般能力,如果要表示过去去做某桩具体事情的能力,通常不用could,而用was/were able to,上述could与was/were able to用法上的区别仅是就肯定句而言,在否定句中却无此限制:could既可表示过去的一般能力,也可表示过去做某桩具体事情的能力。

首先我们来分析情态动词表现在和将来的能力。can既可表示现在的能力又可表示将来的能力,表示过去的能力用could或者was/were able to。这种讲解以现在、过去和将来时间为坐标探讨无可非议,但是令人感觉到有些匪夷所思的是在这三个时间框架下的讲解论述表达的冗余性和矛盾性,首先can表示现在的能力,既可表示做某桩具体事情的能力(I can climb this cliff)也可泛指做一般事情的能力(He can drive a car),在这里用有效地利用指代词(this)表具体事情,用不定冠词(a)表一般事情的能力这是我们所能理解的,也很好的说明了作者的观点,但是如果我们再稍微再重新思索一下,我们进行范畴的通常分类常用“具体”和“一般”这样的字眼,但是在这里两个词同时用难道不显得冗余复杂吗?倒不如说的简单些,can可表达现在时的能力。我们再往下看“can表示能力与be able to同义,在许多情况下可以交替使用,尤其是将来的能力,通常用will/shallbe able to表示,当然,要表示将来做某桩具体事情的能力也可用can”,在这段讲解中,can和be able to同义,在许多情况下可以交替使用,这是明确的并且《新教程》给了例句(As I have got enough money,I can/am able to help her),也是可以理解的,这是在表达做现在事情的能力,但是教程紧接着说,尤其是表将来的“能力”,通常用shall/will be able to表示,举例句为(I’ll be able to speak German in another two months.),在这里教程用了“尤其”这样一个字眼,强调了这种表“将来能力”的明确性,这难道没有同一开始讲解的“can既可表示现在的能力又可表示将来的能力”形成矛盾吗?当然,《教程》又指出“当然,要表示将来做某桩具体事情的能力也可用can”,似乎语气是在进行补充也好像在暗示“我们最好用will/shall be able to”,这又一次显得复杂,事实上薄冰的《薄冰英语语法》在这点上讲解的就较好,“can表将来的能力,常表示可能性”。

现在让我们再来看表示过去的能力,教程讲到表示过去的“能力”,可用could和was/were able to,但在肯定句中,could所表示的“能力”仅是泛指过去的一般能力,例如:She could play the piano when she was only six.如果要表示过去做某桩具体事情的能力,通常不用could,而用was/were able to,比如He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.在这里令人感觉有疑问的是,She could play the piano when she was only six.和He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.这两个具有想同句式的句式,到底是具体事情呢还是一般情况呢,这还有待于商榷。首先在She could play the piano when she was only six.中,由于有了确定的时间状语,我们可以把之看为具体行为,同样地He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.,由于只是给出了一个限定的条件状语,所以我们也可以把之理解为一般行为,这就构成了同前边描述的一对矛盾,所以我们说这个语法点的讲解,不是例句选择的不恰当就是本身的知识点含义有漏洞,事实上,一般和具体这种不确定的相对概念,有时候也是造成这个语法模糊的一个重要因素,这样无意间就使得这个知识点复杂化了。

通过以上分析,我们不难看出在《新编英语语法教程》中,对于情态动词表能力的知识点由于讲的过细,所以不可避免使得这个知识点当学生们看完讲解后不由得不云里雾里不知所云了。事实上,我们完全可以把以上知识点简化为:在情态动词中can有表达能力的用法,同be able to相比,它常用于表现在做某事的能力,表将来的能力只是本质上的推测;而be able to则可用于各种时态表达能力;而could则相当于can的过去式,表示过去的能力,笔者觉得这样讲解则显得简单、清晰和明了,则是这个问题简单化了,事实上,《新教程》的复杂之处就在于它不断地在现在、过去、将来这样一个时间向量间细化,在一般和具体这样一个相对的概念间徘徊,这样无疑会使简单问题复杂化,也就成为了《新教程》的一个美中不足的地方,事实上,如果我们对教程加以研读,不难发现,这种简单问题复杂化的地方颇多,只不过在这里细解一个例子而加以说明之。

3 充分认识到“简单问题化”的教材美中不足将有助于“教与学”

章振邦教授所编的《新编英语语法教程》,可以说是老前辈一生从事教学的心血的结晶,他从八十年代初就把现代语言学的一些概念(比如从层次上引入语篇的概念)引进语法学,可见其前瞻的眼光,使我们从语言学特别是语用学角度去理解语法,必将能深刻我们对语法的学习和运用,所以《新教程》书评说,“《新编英语语法教程》是一部兼有教科书和参考书双重功能的新型英语语法著作,它体系新颖,内容充实,兼收并蓄,与时俱进……”一点也不过分,所以这篇论文对这部鸿篇巨著提出质疑,指出其不足之处,似乎看起来不合时宜,但是学术讨论却是一个严肃的问题,正因为这样章教授在前言末尾留句“本教程如有未尽之处,欢迎广大老师和读者批评指正”,这反映的是老教授的一个学术态度,而我的这篇文章算是对其的一个回应商榷吧,目的是引起学习者和教学者对教程中“简单问题复杂化”的重视,从而更有利于语法的教与学,做到尽量“问题简单化”。

摘要：章振邦教授的《新编英语语法教程》已成为高校英语教学中经典的一部语法教程,这已是一个不争的事实,但是笔者通过教学认为,这部教程虽然以其历经几次修订而弥新,但是其中的语法讲解有“简单问题复杂化”之嫌,本文最主要以“情态动词表能力为例”详细剖析了教程这一美中不足地方,希望能引起语法教与学的重视。

关键词：新编英语语法教程,经典,修订,简单问题复杂化

参考文献

[1]薄冰.薄冰英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社,1998年.

[2]章振邦.新编英语语法教程(第四版学生用书)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003年.

[3]章振邦.新编英语语法教程(第四版教师用书)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.