马丁路德金我有一个梦想（通用4篇）
这篇演讲稿可称得上是我见过的写的最好的一片演讲稿，我的妈妈告诉我，这篇演讲稿曾经轰动了整个美国，马丁・路德・金也随之轰动了整个美国。我从这篇演讲稿上感觉到，马丁・路德・金是一个充满了正义的人，他希望他的国家能振兴起来，希望黑人不再被白人所压迫，希望白人能与黑人和睦相处，希望在大家在生活的时候不再用自己皮肤的差异来判定自己的卑贱。希望黑人能自由。
这篇演讲稿里，每一个字都流露出马丁・路德・金对黑人自由的渴望;每一个字都流露出马丁・路德・金对奴隶主与奴隶能在同一片蓝天下生活的期望;每一个字都流露出马丁・路德・金对黑人与白人情同骨肉携手并进的希望。
1. Introduction
Information about the author and his speech.This is a speech, i emerged during the war between North America and South America It is moved deeply by others and air man’s views vehemently About 250 thousand people listened the speech respectfully.We’l focus on how King achieved his speech by stylistic devices.
2. Analysis in features and the definition of stylistics and stylistic analysis
2.1 The feature of the speech
This speech has it’s own feature, King has used many features in his speech, the following parts will discuss the special features which used in the speech.
2.1.1 Phonological features:Rhyme
“Battered and staggered”can be considered as pararhyme, the definition of pararhyme is two syllable have the same initials persecution and police brutality can be regarded as reverserhyme, and the definition of it is syllables have the same initial consonant.All of this has a great help for readers to get the exact ideas of King in his speech, that is, struggle against the injustice.
2.1.2 Lexical features
King’s speech is very cautious and careful, because it’s very important to blacks and he’ll read it to all of the people in public“You”, “I”and“We”in his speech, is the use of personal pronouns By using this, King awoke the audience’s attention to accept his point.This is a apparent feature in the speech.
2.2 The definition of Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis
The definition of stylistics has many different study ways Wales defines it simply as“the study of style” (1989:437) , while Widdowson gives the definition as“the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation”and“a view that what it is essentially a means of linking the two” (1975:3) , Leech’s opinion is as the same as it.His definition is“study of the use of language in literature” (1969:1) .It perceived that stylistics is an area of study, it perches two disciplines:literary criticism and linguistics.
Stylistically speaking, stylistic analysis is the selection of a periodic sentence for the embedding of a parenthesis.In terms of structure, the sentence is rather formal and complicated.Halliday points out, “The text may be seen as‘this’in contrast with‘that’, with another poem or another novel;stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature...” (1971:341) .In this part, Widdowson has the same opinion as Halliday.Therefore, we realize that stylistic analysis is a movement that is comparative in nature.
3. An analysis of the stylistic devices used in the speech
3.1 Usage of Repetition
King repeats words and sentences many times in the speech this is a very conspicuous feature, it is called repetition.The use of it is emphasizing.There are three factors in repetition:1.cognitive factors.2.psychological factors.3.social factors.Generally speaking we also combine the three factors in the speaker’s elements Otherwise, the use of them are to move forward and deepen the theme of speaker.The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word phrase or even a sentence (Leech, 1969) .Repetition in this speech not only makes the audience to know what King said, but also gives a strong strength to the speech and audience, let them strengthen their position.As all the over-regular features in the literature are in some sense repetitious, audience will pay more attention to the speech Take the paragraphs for example, from paragraph 8 to 16, the words“I have a dream”which King used, appeared nine times.This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in address and the function of reinforcement in feeling and emotion, expressing King’s strong emotion of thirsting for freedom, justice and righteousness.All the emotion in this speech expressed very vivid.
3.2 Usage of Contrast
These are the use of contrast.Contrast may to show differences when compared, also to point out a difference that can distinguish meaning.In speech, this use can have the function of making clear the ideas of the speaker.Here, contrast has been used effectively.In paragraph 1, “great beacon light of hope”is contrasted with“flames of withering injustice”and“joyous daybreak”is contrasted with“long night of captivity”.Therefore, it is easy for us to understand the use in this speech and easy to know why King uses so many contrasts in his speech.
3.3 Usage of Similes and Metaphors
The basic characteristics of simile:
1.The main body and the metaphoric meaning are both in the sentence, but they are different things.
2.The main body and the metaphoric meaning may have some same points.
In our territory of study, a simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.To make the comparison, words like as, as if, as though and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.Simile has the overall functions of rhetoric, it can let person to familiarize the strange things.So King also use many similes in his speech.
A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.It always have the deeper sense than simile and more succinct, appropriate, lively and embody.
In speech, King makes much use of similes and metaphors.In paragraph 1, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness;the first a joyous daybreak compares it to the sunshine.In paragraph 2, he uses“the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination, ”compare to segregation and discrimination.In paragraph 7, he compares“justice rolls”to waters and compares“righteousness”to a mighty stream.In paragraph 14, he compares“little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with white boys and white girls and walk together”to sisters and brothers.
All the usage of similes and metaphors make the audience easy to understand the speech and King’s thinking.
4. Conclusion
The thesis has discussed the stylistic devices which are frequently used in the discourse of literary works especially in speech.This makes the speech easy to understand for audience.This thesis has discussed it from the feature of the speech, the definition of stylistics and stylistic analysis, the usage of repetition and parallelism the usage of contrast, and the usage of similes and metaphors.It also gives some background of the speech and author Martin Luther King Jr..Only undering that background of period, then the speech reached public attention.
There are five main features in his speech:
1.Be adept in using parallelism.In paragraph 3, “One hundred years later…”, from paragraph 4 to 8“I have a dream…”, in paragraph 9, “Let freedom ring from…”.All the examples make the audience have the deep impression with the content of the speech, the sentences are full of energy, and also have the energy o f persuading.
2.Full of confidence.From the beginning, King has emphasized the importance of the speech in the history, “go down in history”, “the greatest demonstration”, “in the history of our nation”.It attracts the audience with his confident wording and diction.
3.The concrete examples.Some people like using unrealistic words in their speech, that is not a good way.But King is different from them He used many concrete place names, for example“Alabama” (Para.7) “New Hampshire”, “New York”, “Pennsylvania” (Para.9) , and so forth.That makes the audience feel authentic.
First of all, it must be very persuasive, and the sentences are very well-organized, with the usage of repetitions, parallelism contrasts, similes and metaphors and so forth.The second is that it must be emotional in order to be convincing, for the speaker should face the audience directly and his words must be correctly and orderly.The words not only be informative but also be expressive.So as to the speech may be full of influence.And finally in many other conditions, written-conversational style is usually used without very formal diction and very complicated sentence structure.
To sum it up, we can learn much from Martin Luther King’s speech.In addition to the stylistic devices, his ideology and deeds are worth for our reference.
Bibliography:
参考文献
[1]、Martin Luther King, Jr., I HAVE A DREAM.August28, 1963
[2]、Pan Shaozhang, English Rhetoric and Writing.Shanghai Transportation University Press, December, 1998
关键词： 象似性 数量象似性 文体特征
一、引言
象似性理论是国内外认知语言学的研究热点，其扬弃了索绪尔的“语言任意说”，认为任意性与理据性或象似性是语言符号系统中的两极，都是语言符号系统的固有属性，对于语言系统的研究和认识都具有重要意义，二者缺一不可（许国璋，1988；Hiraga，1994；Radwańska-Williams，1994）。象似性理论认为语言结构在很大程度上有一个象似理据，句法结构甚至句法规则是非任意、有动因的，跟人的经验结构之间有一种自然的关系。笔者认为象似性是取得文体特征的一种最有效的手段。《我有一个梦想》（I have a dream）是马丁·路德·金于1963年8月28日在华盛顿林肯纪念堂发表的著名演讲，内容主要关于黑人民族平等，对美国甚至世界影响很大。本文分析了马丁·路德·金《我有一个梦想》演说辞中所包含的句法层面上的数量象似性原则及这一原则所表现的文体特征。数量象似性原则能够体现的文体特征有许多，本文主要从以下三个特征来分析：长句、排比、头韵。
二、演说辞中的数量象似性象原则及其文体特征
1.长句的使用
在文学作品中，短句具有直接、清楚、有力、明快等特点，用来强调或突出所要表达的内容，而长句则能够以曲折的结构表达复杂的概念，形式上显得庄重严肃。在《我有一个梦想》演说辞中，主从复合句占句子总数的60%。依据数量象似性原则，语言形式的量越多，所表达意义的量往往越多。反过来说，信息量越大，表达它们的语言形式相应更多，结构也更复杂，例如：The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people，for many of our white brothers，as evidenced by their presence here today，have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny.这一长句恰到好处地达了马丁·路德·金对久被歧视的黑人的同情，激发了黑人捍卫自由和人权强烈愿望和决心，而且深深地打动了包括总统肯尼迪在内的各阶层白人的心；不但促成了美国国会通过民权法案，而且从法律上正式结束了美国黑人的被歧视地位。
2.排比
排比是一种修辞手法，利用意义相关或相近、结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组或句子并排（三句或三句以上），达到加强语势的效果。例如：I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed：“We hold these truths to be self-evident，that all men are created equal.”I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia，the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.根据数量象似性原则，语符数量与所传递的信息成正比象似。排比的运用使演说有节奏感，朗朗上口，有极强的说服力，能增强演讲的表达效果和气势，更能鼓舞黑人同胞为获得平等权利而努力斗争。
3.头韵法
头韵法（Alliteration）是西方诗歌里的一种押韵形式，它是指一行韵文或一首诗的好几个词的头一个字母辅音不断重复，这样形成了一个韵律。在这篇举世闻名的演说辞中，马丁·路德·金几次运用了头韵法（Alliteration），例如：This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality.We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.依据数量象似性原则，头韵的使用可以增强演讲的言语表现力，给听众留下深刻的印象。
三、结语
本文主要分析了马丁·路德·金《我有一个梦想》演说辞中运用的数量象似性原则及实现的文体效果。我们可以得出的结论是数量象似性原则对英语演说辞文体具有一定解释力，并且可以提高读者对演说辞的鉴赏能力。
参考文献：
[1] 许国璋.语言符号的任意性问题——语言哲学探索之一[J].外语教学与研究，1998（3）：2-10.
[2]王寅.象似性：取得文体特征的重要手段[J].四川外语学院学报，2000，16（4）：39-43.
[3]尹博慧.论肯尼迪总统就职演说辞中的象似性特征[J]太原理工大学学报，2010（3）.
英汉习语渊源对比及其常用分析方法 33 论盖茨比悲剧的必然性
从社会符号学角度浅谈汉语“一”字成语翻译
从《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》中儿童的观察和语言分析世纪的美国社会 36 不同国家的商务谈判风格及其对策 37 控制学对英语家教影响的实证分析
无脸之殇——《英国病人》的后殖民指控分析 39 读者在文学文本多元解读中扮演的角色 40 林肯话语中幽默特征的分析
目的论视角下以市场为导向产品推广资料的英译
论白鲸中的象征主义 英语词汇学习策略
解析女性主义在DH劳伦斯《马贩子的女儿》人物塑造中的体现 An Analysis of the Translation of Film Titles 对目前金融危机的分析
《红字》中丁梅斯代尔的灵魂救赎
Tentative Strategies for Improving Chinese Students’Oral English Landscape Poems in Seven-character Quatrains and Sonnets A Comparison of the English Color Terms 从跨文化交际看中西方时间观差异
The Importance of the Application of Kinesics in English Classes in Primary School 约翰•多恩诗中女性歧视现象分析 中西方文化差异对广告翻译的影响 学习策略与听力理解
论《老人与海》中人与自然的矛盾性与和谐性 The Racial Stereotypes in American TV Media 是受害者还是恶棍——重新解读夏洛克
从消费文化角度看《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的破灭 中西方婚礼文化对比 论被动句的翻译
从文化语境角度分析英汉禁忌语的异同
从生态女性主义角度分析纳撒尼尔•霍桑《红字》 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 言语行为理论在戏剧《芭芭拉少校》对白分析中的应用 A Comparison of the English Color Terms Characteristics of English Slang and Their Social Functions 压力下的优雅?—美国当代战争小说与电影中的人性 《紫色》的生态女性主义思想解读
论石黑一雄《别让我走》中新与旧的世界
从“米兰达”的人物形象看凯瑟琳安波特的女性观 分析商务谈判中的模糊语
维多利亚•希斯洛普《岛》中的人生观分析 交际法在大学英语教学中的现状探究 论加里·斯奈德诗歌的生态意识 论广告英语的语言特色 英语介词的翻译
中学英语教学大纲与课程标准的比较研究 斯嘉丽：独特的新女性
Advertising and Its Application 中西节日的对比研究
A Comparison of the English Color Terms 商务英语谈判的翻译技巧
Colonialist Ideology in The Last of the Mohicans
论中学英语课堂师生互动教学 87 英语复合名词的认知语义研究 88 面部表情和目视行为的跨文化研究
归化和异化策略在《红楼梦》文化负载词翻译中的应用 90 从中西传统节日象征物看中西文化异同 91 文化与幽默欣赏
李白对庞德和他的作品的影响
A Comparison of the English Color Terms 94 从《竞选州长》看马克•吐温的幽默艺术 95 《宠儿》中黑人女性的自我意识 96 英汉问候语语用分析
从功能对等的理论看英语歌词的翻译 98 论英语口语教学中存在的问题及对策 99 从饮食文化看中西方人的性格差异 100 从上海迪士尼的兴建看中西文化异同 101 如何提高中学生的词汇学习能力 102 从《警察与赞美诗》看欧亨利式结尾 103 《麦琪的礼物》的叙事技巧分析
从节日习俗分析东西方文化差异——以春节和圣诞节为例 105 英语广告中仿拟的关联分析 106 《野性的呼唤》中的人性和野性 107 论英语词类转换中的动词化现象
The Degeneration of the Human Nature in Wuthering Heights 109 分析汉英篇章衔接和意合形合的关系
从日常交际礼貌用语失误看中西方文化差异 111 化学专业学生英语阅读策略研究
德国功能目的论指导下广告口号的汉译 113 从目的论的角度谈商标翻译的原则及技巧
A Study of Meta-cognitive Strategy Training and Its Effect on EFL Reading 115 浅析大学英语课堂沉默现象
从文化差异的四维度读解中法葡萄酒文化 117 从接受美学角度看中英旅游文本的翻译
Consistence and Differences between Gone with the Wind and Its Sequel Scarlett：A Study of the Protagonist Scarlett 119 美国俚语中所折射出的美国亚文化现象
试论“选择性”口译的应用——从释意派理论角度分析口译工作中的变译现象 121 中国文化特色词汇的音译与中国文化的传播 122 跨文化交际中旅游英语菜式的翻译 123 《贵妇画像》主题和写作艺术特征
《布罗迪小姐的青春》中的人物冲突分析 125 跨文化商务活动中的交际与礼仪
浅析唐诗翻译的难点和策略（开题报告+论）127 浅论《儿子与情人》中劳伦斯的心里分析技巧 128 高中英语任务型语法教学初探
An Analysis of the Tragic Fate of Mary Turner in The Grass Is Singing 130 英语新闻标题中的修辞及其翻译
论王尔德在《道林格雷的画像》中的美学思想 132 对《红字》中丁梅斯代尔的心理分析 133 化妆品商标的文化内涵与翻译
General Principles and Features of Legal English Translation 135 析《喧哗与骚动》的写作手法 136 法律语言特征和法律语言翻译
A Comparison of the English Color Terms 138 浅谈《简•爱》的女性意识
《永别了，武器》中的“有”和“虚无”
Gothic Romance: Inheritance and Development of Medieval Romance－－ A Case Study of The Castle of Otranto 141 An Analysis of Young Goodman Brown from the Perspective of Symbolism 142 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 143 从林语堂所译《浮生六记》看文化负载词翻译 144 浅析新闻英语中模糊语言的运用
电影《闻香识女人》中弗兰克的人物分析 146 论小学英语教学中学习动机促进法 147 《喜福会》中的中美文化差异
《德拉库拉》中病态感情和正常感情的对比和碰撞
男权社会女性意识的觉醒——弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫女性主义文学研究 150 论新闻英语的语言特点
151 论杰克•伦敦的个人经历和信仰对《野性的呼唤》主人公巴克命运的影响 152 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 153 从合作原则分析《老友记》中的人物性格刻画 154 从《看得见风景的房间》看女性身份的遗失和找寻 155 对比研究中西文化中的委婉语 156 《加里波利的坟墓》的反讽与对话 157 商务英语中缩略词的运用及翻译
158 高中英语教师课堂提问的现状及有效策略研究
159 从叙事结构分析电影《撞车》中对种族歧视问题的诠释 160 外贸函电文体及语言特点 161 英汉品牌名的文化差异
162 成人第二语言习得中的石化现象
163 《蝴蝶梦》中女主角吕蓓卡的人物形象分析
164 英语谚语中关系分句之先行词he高频使用之探析 165 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 166 从关联理论看《茶馆》两个英译本中修辞格的处理 167 从功能对等视角浅析法律翻译中的文化因素 168 论华兹华斯的自然观
169 A Comparative Study on the Protagonists’ Growth in Native Son and Invisible Man 170 《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的个人主义 171 从社会习俗角度分析中西方文化差异
172 隐转喻名名复合词的语义分析 173 英汉心理使役动词的对比研究
174 英语商务合同的语言特征及其翻译策略 175 英语歌曲在英语教学中的应用
176 中西方跨文化商务活动中礼貌的语义差别 177 《推销员之死》中男主人公悲剧命运分析
178 Hemingway’s Individual Heroism from Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea 179
180 对《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观重新解读 181 浅探高中英语听力教学策略
182 排比的修辞功能在政治演讲辞中的应用 183 论中西方建筑风格的文化差异
184 电影《暮色》中人物对白的言语行为分析 185 小学英语教学中的体态语应用 186 《嘉莉妹妹》中的象征主义 187 英语中的汉语词汇
188 目的论指导下的英文影视名称的翻译
189 Translation Strategies about Vacant Words in Dreams of the Red Mansion 190 A Comparison between Chinese and Western Food Cultures 191 爱米丽与曹七巧悲剧性的弗洛伊德解读 192 论《哈利波特》中的情感结构
193 顺应论视角下的电影片名翻译（开题报告+论）194 英文电影片名翻译的归化与异化 195 英汉爱情隐喻对比研究
196 《呼啸山庄》中女主人公人物分析 197 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中汤姆的形象分析 198 弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦的悲剧英雄形象
