高三英语名词性从句学案（精选8篇）
名词性从句(Noun Clauses)
庐江二中
张德荣
授课人:
张德荣 授课年级: 高三（6）班 授课地点：多媒体教室III 时间：2009年4月10日星期五上午第二节
名词性从句(Noun Clauses)
I.Teaching Aims: To ask the students to master the usage of noun clauses and use it freely when communicating with each other.II.Difficulties and Emphasis: How to distinguish the noun clauses.How to tell the appositive clause from the attributive clause.III.Teaching Tools: Multi—media IV.Teaching Processes:
Step1.Review the Attributive clause.（5 minutes）Step2.Presentation(computer)(5 minutes)Showing the students some sentences, ask them to analyses the sentences, making sure they can tell every part of speech, especially subject、object、predictive and appositive.Step3.Explanation(Looking at the screen)(20 minutes)The usage of noun clauses: 名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语等从句。它们可以由下列连词引导：从属连词 that, whether, if；连接代词 who(ever), whom, whose, what(ever), which(ever)；连接副词 when, where, why, how, how much / many /long /often 等。
1.主语从句：在复合句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句，上述引导词除if外均可引起主语从句。
That he is an honest boy is known to all.What makes her different from others is her strange behaviour.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.主语从句常放在句尾而用 it 作形式主语使句子更加平衡，这时口语中常省略 that, 如上面第一句改成“It is known to all that he is an honest
语后，同时that不可省略。
We should make it clear that protecting the environment is everyone’s duty.We find it important that one forms a good habit.③ 在tell sb.that„;order sb.that„;remind sb.that„;explain to sb.that„;whisper to sb.that„等结构中that 不可省。He told me that he was going abroad next month.He whispered to me that the man in blue is a policeman.④ 在be+adj.后的宾语从句中，that 可以省略。I’m glad(that)I’ll see all my fiends soon.I’m sure(that)he will stand on our side.⑤ whether和if 均能引起宾语从句，但是if 只能在动词后，在介词后要用whether。
He asked whether/if we could do him a favour.We wondered whether/if he would come or not.---Will you come tomorrow?---Sorry, I really don’t know.It depends on whether it is raining(or not).⑥ 宾语从句在时态上要求与主句一致（即时态呼应），也就是说主句为一般现在时，从句可用任何时态；如从句为一般过去时态，主句应为过去时的某种时态。当然，从句为普遍真理和自然现象者例外.He says that he lives around the corner.He says that he has been here for a long time.He says that he once worked as a cook.He says that he is expecting his father’s telephone.He said that he was learning English for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.He said that he would go abroad for further information.He said that it does not snow in winter in Australia.⑦ 在某些动词后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，其结构为should+动词原形，should 可以省略。这些常用动词是：
一个坚决要求insist;两个命令order, command;三个建议suggest, advise, propose；四个要求ask, demand, request, require 注意：insist有两个意思“坚决要求”和“坚持认为”，前者用虚拟语气，而后者用陈述语气（实际时态）；同样suggest 也有两个意思“建议”和“表明”或“暗示”，当“建议”讲时用虚拟语气，否则用陈述语气（实际时态）。
如：He insisted that he should go to the front.(虚拟语气)He insisted that Tom was honest and hardworking.(陈述语气)
A.that B.when C.what D.how 7.____she couldn’t understand was ____fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;what C.What;because D.Why;that 8.____we are doing has never been done before.A.That B.What C.Which D.Whether 9.People have heard ____the President has said;they are waiting to see ____he will do.A.how, how B.what, what C.when, how D.that, what 10.When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly ____he wants.A.what B.which C.when D.that 11.These wild flowers are so special I would do ____I can to save them.A.whatever B.that C.which D.whichever 12.____she was invited to the ball made her very happy.A.What B.That C.When D.Because 13.Eat ____cake you like and leave the others for ____comes in late.A.any, who B.every, whoever C.whichever, whoever D.either, whoever 14.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.____I got wet through.A.It’s the reason B.That’s why C.There’s why D.That’s because 15.____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A.Who B.The one C.Anyone D.Whoever 16.____medicine works in a human body is a question ____not everyone can understand fully.A.How;that B.That;which C.That;which D.What;that
Step5.Discussion of the differences of the attributive clause and appositive clause.(3 minutes)
Step6.Consolidation(3 minutes)
Step7.Homework.(1 minute)
Making some sentences with noun clauses
1、That we shall be late is certain. (主语从句)
译:我们将迟到是确定无疑的。
2、He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. (宾语从句)
译:他说得很明确他宁愿学习英语。
3、That is what he meant. (表语从句)
译:这就是他的意思。
4、The news that professor Wang will give us a lecture is true. (同位语从句)
译:王教授要来给我们作演讲的消息是真的。
但是在有些句境中, 我们不能按原句语序进行翻译, 而要采取一些其它处理方法, 具体如下:
一、主语从句的翻译
(一) 以关联词what whatever whoever等引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按原文顺序翻译, 如下列:
1、What she did is not yet known.
译:她干了什么尚不清楚。
2、Whatever you said was not important.
译:你说了什么并不重要。
3、Whoever has been to the Great Wall will never forget it.
译:凡是到过长城的人就永远不会遗忘它。
(二) 含有it作形式主语代替主语从句的复合句, 翻译时视情况可将主语从句前译或后译。1、将主语从句提前译, 如需强调, it可以译出来, 不需强调, it也可以不译出来。如下例:
(1) It doesn’t make much difference whether he tells the truth.
译:他说不说实情没有多大关系。
(2) It is a fact that he has been to the America.
译:他去过美国, 这是事实 (强调, it译出来)
2、将主语从句后译, it一般不需要译出来, 如下例:
(1) It is strange that she didn’t attend the meeting.
译:真奇怪, 她竟然没有参加会议
(2) It was obvious that Tom was anxious to buy the car.
译:很明显, 汤姆非常想买那台车。
二、宾语从句的翻译
(一) 以关联词that, what, how等引导的宾语从句在翻译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序, 如下列:
1、He said that he didn’t like Mary.
译:他说他不喜欢玛丽。
2、Tell me what you see.
译:告诉我你看见了什么。
3、I want to know how you finished the job in such a short time.
译:我想知道你是如何在这么短的时间内完成这项工作的。
(二) 用it作形式宾语代替宾语从句的复合句, 翻译时that引导的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序翻译, it不译出来, 如下列:
1、He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.
译:他说得很明确他宁愿学习英语。
2、I take it for granted that you will take part in the party.
译:我想你是会来参加晚会的。
但有时在译文中也可将that引导的宾语从句前译, 如下例:
1、I regard it as an honour that I was chosen the captain.
译:我被选为队长, 感到光荣。
2、I owe it to you that I can go to the university.
译:我能上大学, 全靠你。
三、表语从句的翻译
英语中表语从句的译法跟宾语从句一样, 一般来说可按原文顺序翻译, 如下例:
1、The problem is who we can get to replace her.
译:问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
2、That is what he meant.
译:这就是他的意思。
3、That’s where he lives.
译:那就是他所住的地方。
4、This is when I really got to know the United States.
译:这时我才真正认识了美国。
5、His first question was whether Tom hat arrived yet.
译:他的第一个问题是汤姆是否到来。
6、His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.
译:他对新闻界的看法是, 记者不是支持他, 就是反对他。
四、同位语从句的翻译
同位语是用来对名词 (或代词) 作进一步解释的句子成份。同位语可以是单词, 短语或从句。同位语从句所修饰的词 (先行词) 多为抽象名词, 其关联词多为that。在此先谈一下同位语从句的译法。
(一) 同位语从句不提前译, 如下例:
1、She expressed the hope that she would come over to visit China again.
译:她表示希望再到中国来访问。
2、Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
译:你在哪听说我不能来?
(二) 同位语从句提前译, 如下例。
1、The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.
译:那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。
2、Have you heard the news that Mary is going to have a baby?
译:你听说玛丽要有孩子的消息吗?
3、The hope that he may recover is faint.
译:他复原的希望是渺茫的。
(三) 增加“即” (或“以为”) 或用冒号, 破折号分开, 如下例:
1、But it ignores the fact that it may rain tomorrow.
译:但却忽略了这一点, 即明天有可能下雨。
2、I should like to say to you one important thing, you should go slow in this matter.
译:我想和你说一句重要的话:在这件事上你应当慢慢来。
3、And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.
译:而且有这种可能——一个小小的电火花, 可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路。
谈完同位语从句的译法, 再顺便简单谈一下单词, 短语作同位语的译法。
(一) 说明身份, 称号的同位语在英语中往往放在其所修饰的专有名词之后, 译成中文时则一般放在专有名词之前, 如下例:
1、Tom, our English teacher, is from England.
译:我们英语老师汤姆来自英格兰。
2、According to Jack, my cousin, Mary has gone to Canada.
译:根据我表兄杰克的叙述, 玛丽已到加拿大去了。
3、John, my father-in-law, has been working in that factory for more than 20 years.
译:我岳父约翰在那家工厂已工作了20多年。
(二) 限制性同位语以及形容词, 数词等作进一步说明的同位语在英语中往往放在先行词后面, 翻译时一般不需改变其位置, 如下例:
1、That theory was advanced by the famous Chinese grammarian Zhang Dao-zhen.
译:那条理论是中国著名语法家张道真提出来的。
2、She has been to all the theatres in this city, big or small.
译:这个城市里的戏院她都到过, 大的也罢, 小的也罢。
(三) 原文中有些同位语, 翻译时往往需要作适当扩充或加破折号, 冒号等, 如下例:
1、She is pleased with only one boy, my wife’s younger brother.
译:她只对一个男孩满意, 也就是我妻子的弟弟。
2、There are three very large rivers in Africa, the Congo, Niger and Nile.
译:非洲有3条很大的河:刚果河.尼日尔河和尼罗河。
3、In future prose, two fields are certainly sure to find cultivation, the field of the essay and the field of the sketch.
摘要：笔者多年在高校从事英语语法和翻译教学工作, 在教学实践中, 切身感受到名词性从句的翻译非常具有灵活性。有些可按原句的句序翻译, 有些则不然, 而要采取一些其它方法处理, 本文主要阐述名词性从句不按正常句序的翻译方法。
关键词：主句,从句,句序,前译,后译
参考文献
[1]张培基、喻云根:《英文翻译教程》, 上海外语教学出版社。
[2]范仲英:《实用翻译教程》, 外语教学与研究出版社。
★一：句首what式，引导主语从句，意义为：所------的事（人）
1 （08山东 23） __________ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.
A.ItB.ThisC.WhatD.As
2(08 福建 27)_________ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympics Games will take place in Beijing.A.ItB.What C. AsD. Which
3(07 福建35)It is none of your business _______ other people think about you. Believe yourself.
A. how B.what C. whichD. when
4(07全国Ⅱ17)_________ matters most in learning English is enough practice.
A. What B. WhyC.Where D. Which
5(06山东 27)__________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A.No matter whatB. No matte which C. WhateverD.Whichever
★二：Be动词后的what从句，引导表语从句，意义为：所------的事（人）
6 He isn’t _________ he used to be now.
A.thatB.how C. whatD.which
7(06全国Ⅰ23)See the flags on top of the building? Thatwas _______ we did this morning.
A. when B.which C. whereD.what
★三：介词后的what从句，引导宾语从句，意义为：所------的事（人
8 （08浙江6） Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ________ their parents speak at home.
A.whatB. thatC. whichD. one
9(08重庆 25) People in Chongqing are proud of ________ they have achieved in the past ten years.A. that B.which C. whatD. how
10(07江苏 25) Choosing the right dictionary depends on ________ you want to use it for.
A. what B. whyC.how D.whether
11(07安徽 33) You can only be sure of ________ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something that you might get in the future.
A.thatB.what C. whichD. /
12(2005山东 26) The shopkeeper did not want to sell for ________ he thought was not enough.
A.whereB.how C. whatD. which
★四：动词后的what从句，引导宾语从句，意义为：所------的事（人
13（08北京30） The companies are working together to create ________ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A.whichB. thatC. whatD.who
14(08湖南 29) When asked _________they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.
A. what B.why C. whomD. which
15(07天津 15) The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make __________ it is.
A.whatB.which C. howD. where
16(06全国Ⅱ16)--- What did your parents think about your decision?
--- They always let me do __________ I think I should.
A. when B.that C. howD.what
五：平时常见what如下习语，值得同学们熟悉，变通应用：
1.Ais to B what C is to D A之于B来说就如同C之于D一样
Air is to us what water is to fish.
2.what one is 一个人的为人
what one has一个人的财富
A man’s worth lies not so much in what he has as what he is.一个人的价值与其说在于他的财富，不如说在于他的为人。
3. what you call 所谓
what is called所谓
He is what is called a walking dictionary.他就是人们所谓的一本活字典。
4. what with A and( what with) B半因为-------半因为------
What by A and(what by) B半用--------半用------
What with the wind and what with the rain ,his return was put off.有风又有雨，他的回程受耽搁。
5. what is more而且
what is worse跟糟糕的是
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等， 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句的用法
一. 主语从句在复合句中作主语， 它可以位于句首， 但常见的主语从句多放在句末，句首则用形式主语it。
1. That the earth is round is true.
= It is true that the earth is round.
2. Whether he will come hasn’t been decided.
= It hasn’t been decided whether he will come.
注意： 连词that， whether在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用，不能省略 (注：if不可用来引导主语从句)
二. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is+名词+从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that…是常识
(2) It is+形容词+从句 (多用 should)
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is + 不及物动词+从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It is + 过去分词+从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
it 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构， 主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
判断：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window
宾语从句的用法：
句子结构：
主句 + 连接词(引导词) + 宾语从句
连接词：从属连词that， whether， if
连接代词 Who， whom， whose，which， what
连接副词 where， how， why， when
一. 连词 (引导词)
1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句)， 连词由that引导， 因为that在从句中不作任何成分， 也没有任何具体意思， 因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。
Jane said (that) she wasn’t late for the meeting.
2. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时， 由特殊疑问词充当连接词， 因为该特殊疑问词(即连接词)在从句中担任一定的句子成分， 具有一定的意义， 所以不可以省略。
Do you know what he said just now?
I don’t remember when we arrived
3. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if)，因为if/whether翻译成是否，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略。
Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city
注意：
① 关联词只能用whether不能用if 表示 “是否”的情况如下：
A) 在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：
The question is whether the film is
worth seeing.
The news whether our team has
1、名词性从句中连接词的运用
名词性从句中的连接词有连词that / whether / as if，连接代词what / who/ which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever，连接副词where / when / why / how / wherever / whenever。
（1）that的用法。
①主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。如：
That they are good at English is known to us all.
The problem is that we don’t have enough money.
She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day.
②宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：（A）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略；（B）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，that不能省；（C）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。如：
He judged that,because he was a child, he did not understand
wine
Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.
The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.
③that从句作主语和宾语时，可以用it 来替换成以下几种结构表达。
(A)It is clear/certain/likely/true/surprising that… （B）It is a pity/shame/good idea/no wonder that ...（C）It is said/reported/ believed/known/thought/suggested that … （D）It seems/happens that。如：
It happened that I went out last night.
It is said that China will win in the World Cup.
④that和what的区别。
that 引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不以当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的先行词 + 关系代词即常说的先行词 + that。如：
It’s shame that he has made such a mistake. Do what he says.
⑤同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别。
同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语，宾语与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that而不能用which.同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news、fact、suggestion、truth、plan、belief、doubt、possibility、idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。如：
They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.(同位语从句)
The hope she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.（定语从句）
（2）whether和if的用法。
①whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。如：
It all depends on whether they will come back.
②后面直接跟or not 时用whether。如：
I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.
③主语从句表语从句中只能用whether。如：
Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.
The question is whether they have so much money.
④whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if不能。如：
We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do
it or not.
⑤whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。如：
The question of whether they are male or female is not impor-
tant.
I have not decided whether to go or not.
⑥间接引语位于句首时或者是间接引语提前时用whether不用if。如：
Thank you, but whether I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment.
⑦whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。如：
Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time.
（3）疑问词 + ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别。
①疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的部分。如：
Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.
You can choose whatever you like in the shop.
②疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：
Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,
Whatever you do, you must do it well.
③no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如：
No matter what you do, you must do it well.
No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished.
（4）when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则则为同位语从句。如：
They put forward the question where they could get the money.
This is the place where the accident happened.
2、名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致
（1）宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句中表示提示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。如：
Hello,I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here?
The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed.
（2）主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。如：
When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.
When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.
3、名词性从句的词序
名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。如：
He asked me what was the matter with me.
We’ve heard the news that we’ll move into the new house.
Whatever you say will interest us all.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. A computer can only do ________ you have instructed it to do.(NMET 2001)
A.how B.after C.what D.when
解析：答案为C。本题考查的是名词性从句作宾语的用法。此句的引导词既作连词又在宾语从句中充当一成分，故what最合适。
2. -I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week..
-Is that _________ you had a few days off ? (NMET 99)
A.why B.when C.what D.where
解析：答案为A。此题考查的是从句的用法。根据题意“我上周开车去珠海看航空展去了。”下面一句接着问：“那就是你为什么离开的原因吗？”故用why引导表语从句表示原因。
3. I hate __________ when peope talk with their mouths full.(NMET 98)
A.it B.that C.these D.them
解析：答案为A。本题考查的是形式宾语的用法。题意为“我讨厌人们谈话时嘴里塞满东西”。该空白处没有任何含义，而且已经用了when连接该宾语从句，所以此处只填一个形式宾语it。
名词性从句
l．_ the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing makes the nation very excited．
A．Whenever B．If C．Whether D．That
2．The headmaster made a suggestion that the sports meet until next Sunday．
A．Will be put off B．will put off C．put off D．be put off
3． is a fact that English people and American people share a lot of customs．
A．There B．This C．That D．that
4．Dr Black comes from either 0xford of Cambridge,I can’t remember ．
A．where B．there C．which D．that
5． he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．
A．What B．That C．The fact D．The matter
6．I remember this used to be a quiet village．
A．when B．how C．where D．what
7．Can you tell me the railway station?
A．how I can get to B．how can I get to
C．where I can get to D．where can I get to
8．We all took for granted that he would agree with us．
A．it B．him C．that D．what
9．It worried her a bit her hair was turning grey．
A．while B．that C．if D．for
10． leaves the room last ought to turn off the 1ights．
A．Anyone B．The person C．Whoever D．Who
11． they are most interested in is they can produce more and better cars．
A．That；how B．What；how C．What；that D．That；that
12．The reason she gave for not being present was the heavy snow prevented her coming．
A．why；because B．why；whether C．that；that D．how；that
l3． I have will be yours sooner or later．
A．No matter what B．No matter how C．Whatever D．However
14．Word came I was wanted at the office．
A．which B．why C．that D．whether
15．The town is no longer it was ten years ago．
A．which B．that C．what D．when
16．It is generally considered unwise to give a child be or she wants．
A．however B．whatever C．whichever D．whenever
17．Please tell me you would like to have your coffee-black or white?
A．what B．where C．when D．how
18．-Do you remember be came?
-Yes，I do．He came by car．
A．how B．when C．that D．if
l9． we can’t get seems better that we have．
A．What；what B．What：that C．That；that D．That：what
20．-I drove to Zhuhai for the Air Show last week．
-Is that you had a few days off?
A．why B．when C．what D．where
21．You can take measures you think good to deal with the problems．
A．whatever B．however C．whichever D．those
22．- has made our city Dalian she is taday?
-It is the Party’s policy that has made it take on a new look．
A．What；that B．That；what C．there；so D．That；that
23．It was at the very beginning Mr White made
the decision we should send more firefighters there．
A．that：that B．when；which C．there；what D．where；what
24．It was he worked out the maths problem that we wanted to know．
A．what B．how C．that D．which
25．There will be a special price for buys things in large numbers here．
A．who B．whom C．whoever D．whomever
26．-I rang you about ten，but there was no reply．
-0h，that was probably I was seeing the doctor．
A．when B．why C．what D．that
27．Maria has to baby-sit．That’s she can’t come out with us．
A．how B．why C ．when D．what
28． surprised me most was they had finished the work so quickly．
A．What：what B．That；that C．What：that D．That；what
29．You can’t imagine when they received these nice Christmas presents．
A．how they were excited B．how excited they were
C．how excited were they D．they were how excited
名词性从句
1．We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to 20，half of________ it used to charge.(2017·江苏，26)A．that
C．what
答案 C 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：我们选择这家旅馆，因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，这是它以前要价的一半。从句意看，本句的half of部分在句中作 20的同位语，由此可知这里要用what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，同时what在宾语从句中又作charge的宾语，因此选C。
2．Every year，________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.(2017·北京，23)A．whatever
C．whomever
答案 B 解析 考查主语从句。句意为：每年，在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。whoever无论谁，表泛指，在句中作主语，相当于anyone who。whomever在句中只能作宾语，不合题意；whatever任何„„的事物；whichever无论哪个，无论哪些。
3．Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing ________ she was heading.(2017·北京，26)A．why
C．how
答案 B 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：简沿着绿树成荫的街道漫无目的地走着，并不知道要去哪里。why为什么；how怎样；when什么时候。
4．She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn’t.(2017·天津，4)A．when
C．whether
答案 C 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：她问我是否已将那些书还给了图书馆，我承认还没还。when
B．where D．what B．where D．when B．whoever D．whichever B．which D．how 什么时候；where在哪里；what什么，均不符合语境。
5．It is often the case ________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016·江苏，21)A．why
B．what C．as D．that 答案 D 解析 考查主语从句。句意为：通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的名词性从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故要用that引导。
6．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.(2016·北京，29)A．what
C．whether
答案 B 解析 考查表语从句。句意为：雨季最令人愉快的事情是人可以完全不受灰尘的袭扰。分析句子结构可知is后的表语从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故选B。
7．The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2016·天津，11)A．whether
C．which
答案 B 解析 考查同位语从句。句意为：经理提了个建议——我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子结构可知，空格后的同位语从句用来解释说明suggestion的具体内容，从句中不缺成分且意义完整，故选B项。
8．Your support is important to our work.________ you can do helps.(2016·北京，24)A．However
C．Whatever
答案 C 解析 考查主语从句。句意为：你们的支持对我们的工作很重要，无论你们做什么都会有帮助。从句动词do需要宾语，且引导主语从句，故用whatever。
9．________ Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the public，but some won’t accept it.(2015·江苏，25)A．That
C．Where
答案 C
B．Why D．How B．Whoever D．Wherever B．that D．what B．that D．why 解析 考查主语从句。句意为：李白，一个伟大的中国诗人，其出生地是众所周知的，但也有一些人不接受它。“Where Li Bai...was born”是主语从句，表示“李白出生的地方”。10．I truly believe ________ beauty comes from within.(2015·北京，33)A．that
C．what
答案 A 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：我真的相信美来自人的内心。宾语从句意思完整只缺连接词，故选A。
11．________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.(2015·北京，35)A．Where
C．Why
答案 B 解析 考查主语从句。句意为：我们怎样理解事物与我们所感觉到的东西有很大关系。分析句子结构可知“________ we understand things”为主语，结合句意可知选B。
12．If you swim in a river or lake，be sure to investigate ________ is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.(2015·浙江，6)A．what
C．that
答案 A 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：如果你在河里或湖里游泳的话，务必调查清楚水面之下有什么。水中经常隐藏着石头或树枝。分析句子结构可知，此处investigate后接了宾语从句，从句缺少主语，故用what引导。
13．A ship in harbor is safe，but that’s not________ ships are built for.(2015·安徽，25)A．what
C．why
答案 A 解析 考查表语从句。句意为：船停在港口里是很安全的，但这并非建造船的目的。that’s not后跟从句作表语，表语从句中的for后缺少宾语，用what引导，故选A。why和when是连接副词，不能作宾语；whom指人。
14．—I wonder ________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.—By working out every day.(2015·福建，29)A．where
C．why
答案 B
B．how D．if B．whom D．when B．who D．whoever B．How D．When B．where D．why 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：——我想知道玛丽这些年是如何保持了那么好的身材。——通过每天锻炼。根据回答by doing可知问的是方式。
15．You have to know ________ you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.(2015·湖南，26)A．what
C．where
答案 C 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：你如果要计划到达那里的最好的方法，就得知道自己要往哪里去。分析句子结构可知，know后的______ you’re going是宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，故用where。
16．Reading her biography，I was lost in admiration for ________ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.(2015·陕西，19)A．what
C．why
答案 A 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：读了多丽丝·莱辛的传记，我对她在文学上获得的成就钦佩不已。分析句子结构可知，介词for后接的是宾语从句，从句中缺少achieve的宾语，故用what引导。
17．The exhibition tells us ________ we should do something to stop air pollution.(2015·四川，8)A．where
C．what
答案 B 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：这个展览告诉了我们为什么我们要阻止空气污染。宾语从句缺少状语，故选项C、D错误；where表示地点，不符合题意，故选B，why表示“„„的原因”。18．We must find out ________ Karl is coming，so we can book a room for him.(2015·重庆，8)A．when
C．where
答案 A 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为：我们一定要搞清楚Karl什么时候来，以便我们给他订房间。由句意可知，要给Karl订房间，那么就要清楚他来这里的时间，故选when。19．—What a mess！You are always so lazy!—I’m not to blame，mum.I am ________ you have made me.(2014·江苏，26)A．how
C．that
B．what
D．who B．how D．why B．why D．which B．that D．how B．that D．who 答案 B 解析 考查表语从句。句意为：——这么乱！你总是这么懒！——妈妈，要怪也不应当怪我啊。我这么懒也是你娇惯出来的。分析句子结构可知，I am后是表语从句，引导词what在从句中作me的补足语，相当于the one/person that，即I am the one/person that you have made me.。
20．Pick yourself up.Courage is doing ________ you’re afraid to do.(2014·福建，34)A．that
C．how
答案 B 解析 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导一个宾语从句，且引导词在从句中作do的宾语，故用what。
B．what D．whether
1．介词后面一般不接that引导的宾语从句，此时需要用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
You may depend on it that they will support you.你放心，他们会支持你的。
2．某些动词如enjoy，hate，have，hide，like，love，appreciate，take等后面不能直接跟宾语从句，需要用it作形式宾语，再把从句放到后面。I would appreciate it if you could help me.如果你能帮我，我会很感激。
3．reason作主语，表语从句只能用that引导，不能用why或because引导。The reason why he didn’t attend school was that he was ill.他没来上学的原因是他病了。
4．动词doubt用在疑问句或否定句中时，其后的宾语从句常用that作连接词；用在肯定句中时，连接词用whether或if均可，而不用that。名词doubt用在疑问句或否定句中时，一般用that引导同位语从句；用在肯定句中时，一般用whether引导同位语从句。I doubt whether/if he is at home.我怀疑他是否在家。
There is no doubt that they can complete the task ahead of time.毫无疑问他们会提前完成任务。
5．whether可引导所有名词性从句。whether引导的从句能用作介词的宾语；whether能用在discuss，decide后引导宾语从句，还可以和or not直接连用，但以上三种情况均不能用if。Are you talking about whether he will come? 你们是在谈论他是否会来吗？ I don’t care whether I can get it or not.我不在乎我是否可以得到它。
6．“wh-＋ever”既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句；“no matter wh-”只能引导让步状语从句，可以和“wh-＋ever”互换。
He would believe whatever I said.我说什么他都相信。
Whatever/No matter what I said，he wouldn’t listen to me.无论我说什么，他都不会听我的。7．what和that引导的名词性从句的区别：
what在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语和定语；that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，无任何意义。What the lecturer said is very valuable.演讲者讲的话非常有用。
That she will refuse the offer seems unlikely.看起来她不太可能会拒绝这项提议。
1．What the doctors really doubt is ________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.(2017·灌南高级中学检测，25)A．when
C．whether
答案 C 解析 句意为：医生真正怀疑的是我母亲能否从严重的疾病中快点恢复。空处引导的是表语从句，表示“是否”，故用whether。
2．________ surprises me most is that she doesn’t even know where the difference between the two lies.(2017·灌南高级中学检测，28)A．That C．Who
答案 B 解析 句意为：最让我惊讶的事情是她甚至都不知道两者之间的差异在哪里。what在主语从句What surprises me most中作主语。that引导的表语从句中包含一个where引导的宾语从句。3．The rising house prices in most cities have aroused concerns among young migrant workers ________ they can’t afford themselves a house.(2017·镇江期中，29)A．whether
B．where B．What D．Which B．how D．why C．what
答案 D
D．that 解析 句意为：大多数城市房价的上涨引起了年轻农民工的担忧，他们无力负担自己的房子。本题考查同位语从句，解释说明concerns，从句的句子成分完整，故填that。4．—China never lacks access to quality animation productions.—You can say that again，but the difficulty lies in ________ Chinese people translate them successfully and adapt them into the market.(2017·盐城亭湖高级中学段考，27)A．what
C．where
答案 D 解析 句意为：——中国从来不缺高质量的动画作品。——你说的没错，但是困难在于中国人如何成功翻译它们并使它们适应市场。介词in后为宾语从句。根据句子结构可知，从句不缺主语或宾语，排除A项；根据句意可知，从句缺少方式状语，应用how引导宾语从句，故选D项。
5．I think ________ Aesop was suggesting is ________ when you offer a good turn to another human being，one can hope that good deed will come back and sort of pay a profit to you，the doer of the good deed.(2017·溧水高级中学二模，32)A．which；that
C．what；that
答案 C 解析 句意为：我想伊索所建议的是，当对他人做好事时，人们希望善行会回来，并给行善的人带来好处。think后的宾语从句中缺少宾语，故用what引导宾语从句同时在从句中作动词suggesting的宾语，is后是表语从句，在该表语从句中含有一个when引导的时间状语从句，整个句子句意成分完整，故用that引导表语从句，故答案为C。
6．There seems to be some doubt about ________ Ann will attend the meeting.(2017·宿迁青华中学月考，35)A．when
C．what
答案 B 解析 句意为：安是否参加会议似乎还有疑问。介词about后是宾语从句，that从句不作介词的宾语，排除D项；从句成分完整，排除A、C项，故正确答案为B。7．________ counts is ________ all those trapped in the building have been rescued.(2017·南京九中模拟，27)A．It；that
B．What；because B．whether D．that B．that；that D．that；what B．when D．how C．Which；because
答案 D
D．What；that 解析 句意为：重要的是那些被困在大楼里的人们已经得救了。what引导主语从句且充当主语；is之后为表语从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故用that引导，故选D。
8．We may look at the world around us，but somehow we manage not to see it until ________ we’ve become used to suddenly disappears.(2017·南京学情调研，27)A．when
C．what
答案 C 解析 句意为：我们可以看看我们身边的这个世界，但是我们却设法以某种方式无视它的存在直到我们习以为常的东西突然消失。分析句子成分可知，连词until的后面为状语从句，状语从句的谓语动词disappears的前面为主语从句。在主语从句中，介词to的后面缺少宾语，结合句意可知what符合题意。
9．—The rent of our flat will see a 20% rise this year? —Yes.That’s ________ I have compromised with the flat owner.(2017·南通、扬州、泰州、淮安三模，32)A．what
C．how
答案 B 解析 句意为：——我们公寓的租金今年会涨20%？——是的。那就是我跟房东妥协的地方。根据句子结构可知，设空处引导一个表语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，应用where作地点状语，故选B项。
10．The problem ________ he will have his college education at home or abroad remains untouched.(2017·南京三模，23)A．how
C．that
答案 B 解析 句意为：他将在国内或国外读大学，这个问题仍未提及。分析句子结构可知，本句是同位语从句，用来解释说明problem。根据句意可知，B项符合语境。
11．The infrastructure of a country is ________ makes everything run well，including things like transport，irrigation，electricity and schools.(2017·苏锡常镇四市二模，22)A．which
C．where
答案 D
B．that D．what B．whether D．when B．where D．when B．where D．why 解析 句意为：一个国家的基础设施是使得一切能正常运行的东西，包括交通、灌溉、电和学校之类的东西。is后是一个表语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，且没有范围限制，用what，故选D项。
12．I’ve come to learn that the best time to debate with family members is ________ they have food in their mouths.(2017·南京、盐城一模，30)A．how
C．whether
答案 D 解析 句意为：我已经逐渐认识到与家人辩论的最佳时间是他们的嘴里有食物的时候。分析句子成分可知，系动词is后面是表语从句。从句中缺少状语，结合句意可知when符合题意。13．—What do you think it is that has contributed to his huge success? —________ he keeps focusing on what he is doing.(2017·南通一模，34)A．Because
C．Whether
答案 D 解析 句意为：——你认为是什么促成了他巨大的成功？——他把注意力集中在他正在做的事情上。分析空处所在句可知，该句句子结构、意义完整，用that引导主语从句，从句中what he is doing 为宾语从句。故选D项。
14．Hard work，along with dedicated revolutionary spirit is the fundamental guarantee to success，which is ________ we should learn from the pioneers participating in the Long March.(2017·苏锡常镇四市一模，32)A．that
C．what
答案 C 解析 句意为：艰苦奋斗以及甘于奉献的革命精神是取得成功的根本保障，这是我们应该从参加长征的先辈身上学习的东西。分析句子成分可知，系动词is的后面为表语从句，从句中谓语动词learn的后面缺少宾语，结合句意可知what符合题意。
15．The argument doesn’t hold much ground ________ family backgrounds offer graduates an advantage in the career competition nowadays.(2017·南通一模，21)A．where
C．which
答案 B 解析 句意为：如今家庭背景为毕业生们提供了职业竞争上的优势，这样的观点站不住脚。结合句意并分析句子成分可知，空后的句子指的是争论点的内容，是argument的同位语从句，B．that D．when B．where D．how B．How D．That B．that D．when 在这个同位语从句中，句子不缺少成分，所以用连词that。故选B。
16．As I opened my eyes，in ________ direction I looked，I could see smiling，peaceful，calm and content faces.(2016·南通调研，34)A．whatever
C．whichever
答案 C 解析 句意为：当我睁开眼的时候，无论往哪个方向看，我都能看到微笑、安宁、平静和满足的脸庞。in 为介词，后面是宾语从句，根据句意用whichever表示“无论哪一个方向”，故C正确。
17．—Where are you living now? —I’ve moved to ________ you know my grandpa once lived.(2016·苏锡常镇四市一模，28)A．which
C．where
答案 C 解析 句意为：——你现在住在哪里？——我已经搬到，你知道的，我爷爷曾经住过的地方了。move to后为宾语从句，从句中的you know为插入语，my grandpa once lived缺少地点状语，故用where引导宾语从句。
18．There is no doubt，from my point of view，________ matters is not what happens to you，but what you remember and how you remember it.(2016·泰州一模，22)A．what that
C．what if
答案 D 解析 句意为：在我看来，重要的不是发生了什么，而是你所记得的以及你记住它的方式，这是毫无疑问的。from my point of view为插入语，There is no doubt结构中，that引导同位语从句，从句中还含有主语从句________ matters，该主语从句缺少主语，故用what。19．Didn’t it occur to you ________ we could have solved the problem in an easier way？
(2016·南通、扬州、泰州调研，25)A．that
C．how
答案 A 解析 句意为：难道你没有想到我们本可以用更简单的办法解决这个问题吗？这是一个主语从句，it 代替后面的句子作形式主语，根据句意，从句叙述的是事实，而且不缺少任何成分，所以关系词选用that，故A正确。
20．It is known to us all that ________ we learn at present is closely linked with our future.B．whether D．why B．that that D．that what B．that D．what B．however D．wherever A．how
C．whatever
答案 C
一、名词性从句的判定方法
在一篇语篇型语法填空中, 若空格所在句子含有两套主谓结构, 这说明命题人是在考查从句。此时, 考生首先需要使用括号划出从句。划括号时要从空格前面开始 (因为空格要填引导从句的连词) 划出整个从句。具体办法是:如果空格在最前面, 则括号划到第二处谓语动词前;如果空格在句中, 则括号通常划到句末。然后考生可以根据划出的从句在整个句子中所处的位置和所作的成分判断是哪一种从句。那么, 名词性从句在语篇中如何判断呢?下面分别举例说明 (括号已经划出) 。
【典例1】I truly believe (______beautycomes from within) . (2015年北京卷)
解析:从句在谓语动词believe后, 所以考查的是宾语从句。从句中不缺少任何成分, 只陈述了一个事实, 因此应用that引导。
【典例2】Reading her biography, I was lostin admiration for (______Doris Lessing hadachieved in literature) . (2015年陕西卷)
解析:从句在介词for后, 所以考查的是宾语从句。从句中谓语动词had achieved缺少宾语, 所以应用what引导从句并在从句中作宾语。
【典例3】A ship in harbor is safe, but that’snot (______ships are built for) . (2015年安徽卷)
解析:从句在系动词is后, 所以考查的是表语从句。表语从句中的介词for后缺少宾语, 故应用what引导, what与for连用, 表示目的。
【典例4】The manager put forward a sugges-tion______we should have an assistant.There istoo much work to do. (2016年天津卷)
解析:从句在名词suggestion后, 名词后考查的可能是定语从句, 也可能是同位语从句。根据句意可知, 后面的从句是对suggestion的解释说明, 而不是修饰限制, 故为同位语从句。而且从句成分和意思都是完整的, 故用that引导。that不作成分, 只起连接作用。
【典例5】 (______we understand things) hasa lot to do with what we feel. (2015年北京卷)
解析:从句在句首, 且位于第二处谓语动词has前, 所以考查的是主语从句。从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知, 主语从句中缺少方式状语, 因此填how。
二、名词性从句连接词的选用
利用加括号的办法判断出从句为名词性从句后, 可以依据“从句中缺什么成分补什么成分”的原则选用连接词。
1.使用连接代词。
当名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时, 使用连接代词。常用的有what, who (m) , whoever, which, whose等。what根据不同语境和所表示的意思可以灵活翻译成“……的 (话、东西、地方、时候、样子等) ”;who具有疑问意义, 意思是“谁”;whoever没有疑问意义, 意思是“……的任何人”, 相当于anybody who;which意思是“哪一个”;在句中作定语时用whose。
【典例1】If you swim in a river or lake, besure to investigate______is below the water sur-face.Often there are rocks or branches hidden inthe water. (2015年浙江卷)
解析:what。动词investigate后面接的是宾语从句。分析宾语从句的成分可以发现, 空格处所作的成分是主语。名词性从句中缺少主语并且指物用what引导, 此处意思是“……的东西”。
【典例2】How much one enjoys himselftravelling depends largely on______he goeswith, whether his friends or relatives. (2010年四川卷)
解析:who。介词on后面接宾语从句, 从句中介词with后缺少宾语, 应填连接代词。根据后面的“whether his friends or relatives”可知应该表示和谁去, 故填who。
2.使用连接副词。
当名词性从句中主干齐全, 根据意思缺少状语时, 使用连接副词。常用的有when, where, why和how, 分别表示时间、地点、原因和方式。这些连接副词既起连接作用, 本身又作从句的状语。
【典例1】We must find out______Karl iscoming, so we can book a room for him. (2015年重庆卷)
解析:when。find out后面接宾语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据后面的“we can book aroom for him”可知缺少时间状语, 故填when。
【典例2】You have to know______you’regoing if you are to plan the best way of gettingthere. (2015年湖南卷)
解析:where。know后面接的是宾语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据后面句子的意思可知缺少地点状语, 故填where。
【典例3】The exhibition tells us______weshould do something to stop air pollution. (2015年四川卷)
解析:why。tell是接双宾语的动词, 因此此处应填宾语从句的连接词。从句中主干齐全, 根据意思可知缺少原因状语, 故填why。
【典例4】—I wonder______Mary has kepther figure after all these years. (2015年福建卷)
—By working out every day.
解析:how。动词wonder后接宾语从句。从句中主干齐全, 根据答语中表示方式的介词短语by的回答, 可知填how。
3.使用从属连词。
当名词性从句主干齐全, 又不缺少状语时, 使用从属连词引导。从属连词有that, whether和if。当从句中不缺少成分, 陈述一件事实时, 用that引导;当从句中不缺少成分, 有“是否”的含义时, 用whether或if引导。whether与if在引导动词后的宾语从句时, 两者一般可以互换, 但在下列情况下一般只能用whether, 不用if:引导主语从句并在句首时;引导表语从句时;引导从句作介词宾语时;从句后有“or not”时;后接动词不定式时。因此, 在引导名词性从句表示“是否”意思时, 建议大家使用whether。
【典例1】It is often the case______any-thing is possible for those who hang on to hope. (2016年江苏卷)
解析:that。本句中it是形式主语, 真正的主语是后面连接词引导的主语从句。根据句意可知, 后面的句子陈述的是一个事实, 不缺少任何成分, 故用that引导。
【典例2】The most pleasant thing of therainy season is______one can be entirely freefrom dust. (2016年北京卷)
解析:that。is后跟表语从句, 表语从句中主干齐全, 不缺少成分, 陈述事实, 因此用that引导。
【典例3】The little girl asked her father______she should go to the party or not.
解析:whether。ask后接双宾语, 因此空格处引导宾语从句。从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知, 本空有“是否”的含义, 且后面有or not, 故填whether, 不能使用if。
三、巩固练习
(一) 单句语法填空
1.As large numbers of Chinese flocked to Japan to pay thousands for toilet lids, it was a surprise to many people______the smart toilet lids on sale in Japan were actually made in China.
2.First-class players of football must haveexcellent ball control, but it is not just______they do with their feet that counts.
3.—Shall I go to the party if I don’t haveto dress up?
—Of course you can, actually, it doesn’tmatter______you’re dressed.
4.______we’ll go camping tomorrowdepends on the weather.
5.I don’t doubt______he has the ability to deal with the situation, but______the problem can be solved quickly depends on his attitude.
6.A new shopping centre will be built in______the old fish market used to be.
7.—Have you told your parents about yourdecision?
—Not yet.I can hardly imagine______they will react.
8.Don’t forget______it was that helpedyou out when you were in trouble.
9.Although he has become wealthy, MrWood remains______he used to be, modest andfriendly.
10.The Peony Pavilion, a play written byTang Xianzu, is______many people regard asthe most romantic story in Chinese literature.
11.A recent study, while showing a general-ly positive attitude towards the new industry, also suggests a widespread concern______itmay be“running out of control”.
12.______makes the book so extraordi-nary is the creative imagination of the writer.
13.Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell______close you may beto victory.
14.Grandma pointed to the hospital andsaid, “That’s________I was born.”
15.“Every time you eat a sweet, drinkgreen tea.”This is________my mother used totell me.
16.The best moment for the football starwas________he scored the winning goal.
17.The only way to succeed at the highestlevel is to have total belief________you arebetter than anyone else on the sports field.
18.The how-to-book can be of help to________wants to do the job.
19.After six hours’drive, they finallyreached______they thought was the place theyyhad been dreaming of.
20.It suddenly hit him______he had lefthis umbrella in the taxi on his way home.
21.—Was it______he said or all that hedid______let you down, Joan?
—No, not really.
22.That art center is______used to be afactory, ______millions of tractors were made.
23.My pen-friend, Peter, wrote to me, expressing the hope______he would come toBeijing to see the 2008 Olympic Games.
24.I still couldn’t understand______themachine would work, so I asked him to explainit to me.
25.The police finally got to______wasonce an old temple______the villagers used asa school.
26.“You can’t choose what life you willhave, ”said Tai Lihua, a deaf leading dancer, “but you can choose your attitude towards life.”And this is______I completely agree.
27.Actually, girls can be______they wantto be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astro-naut, or a general manager.
28.If you feel tired and sick of fatty foods, that is______you have to go to the hospital fora medical examination.
29.The award should be given to______makes great contributions to the film industry.
30.Jacob is always ready to offer a helpinghand and that’s______he has a good reputation.
31.—What impressed the interviewersmost?
—______he could speak three foreign lan-guages so fluently.
32.His writing is so confusing that it’s dif-ficult to make out_______it is that he is tryingto express.
33.I made a promise to myself_______this year, my first year in high school, would bedifferent.
34.The notice came around two in the after-noon_______the meeting would be postponed.
35.As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose_______suits youbest.
36.The last time we had great fun was______we were visiting the Water Park.
37.It is pretty well understood_______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and outthe atmosphere today.
38.—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show lastweek.
—Is that_______you had a few days off?
(二) 语篇语法填空
阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容 (1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。
(一) 单句语法填空
1.that。it是形式主语, 主语从句后置, 从句中不缺少成分, 陈述事实, 故用that引导。
2.what。what引导主语从句, 同时又在从句中作do的宾语。
3.how。根据句意可知, 你如何着装没有关系, 故填how引导主语从句。
4.Whether。根据句意可知空格处表示“是否”, 引导主语从句用whether, 不用if。
5.that;whether。“I don’t doubt”意为“我不怀疑”表示肯定意义, 故其后用that引导宾语从句, 陈述一件事实;“但是问题是否能快速解决取决于他的态度”, 故用whether引导主语从句。
6.what。介词in后接宾语从句, 从句中used to be后缺少表语, 故填what。
7.how。imagine后接宾语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知, 缺少表示方式的状语, 故填how。
8.who。forget后接宾语从句, 从句中使用了强调结构, 强调的是主语, 表示人, 故填who。
9.what。remains后接表语从句, 从句中used to be后缺少表语, 根据“modest and friend-ly”可知, 此处表示“……的样子”, 故填what。
10.what。what引导表语从句, 同时在从句中作regard的宾语。
11.that。that引导同位语从句, 用以解释、说明concern的内容。
12.what。根据句子结构可知, 空格处引导的是主语从句, 从句中缺少主语且指事物, 故填what。
13.how。动词tell之后为宾语从句, 根据意思和修饰形容词close可知, 应使用how。
14.where。根据“pointed to the hospital”可知是地点, 故表语从句要用where来引导。
15.what。is后接表语从句, tell是后接双宾语的动词, 故用what引导表语从句, 在从句中又充当tell的宾语。
16.when。was后面是表语从句, 从句中主干齐全。由句意可知表语从句表达时间, 因此使用when, 意为“……的时候”。
17.that。从句位于名词后, 是对名词belief的解释和说明, 故该空后是引导belief的同位语从句。从句中不缺任何句子成分, 陈述事实, 只能用that引导。
18.whoever。介词to后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 故用whoever引导宾语从句, 相当于anyone who。
19.what。动词reach后接宾语从句, theythought是插入语, 从句中缺少主语, 故填what。
20.that“。It suddenly hit sb.+that从句”是固定句式, 其中it作形式主语, 真正的主语是后面that引导的句子, 这样做的目的是为了避免头重脚轻。
21.what;that。这是一个强调结构与主语从句结合考查的题目。分析句子结构可知, 强调的是句子的主语, 主语从句中的动词said后缺少宾语, 故用what引导;第二空是构成强调结构的that。
22.what;where。is后接表语从句, 由于从句中缺少主语, 用what引导;第二空是非限制性定语从句, 修饰先行词factory。由于factory在定语从句中作地点状语, 故用where引导。
23.that。名词hope后接同位语从句, 表示hope的内容, 且从句中不缺少任何成分, 陈述事实, 用that引导。
24.how。understand后接宾语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知表示方式, 应使用how引导宾语从句。
25.what;that/which。got to后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 故用what引导;第二空引导的是定语从句, 先行词temple在后面的定语从句中作动词used的宾语, 故使用关系代词that或which引导。
26.where。空格处引导表语从句, 并在从句中作地点状语, 故填where。此题不可填what, 因为agree是不及物动词, 其后没有宾语。
27.whatever。空格处引导表语从句, 并在从句中作be的表语。根据句意可知, 此处表示职业, 因此用whatever, 不用whoever。
28.when。空格处引导表语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知, 表示时间, 故填连接副词when。
29.whoever。介词to后接宾语从句, 且从句中缺少主语, 并且意思相当于anybody who, 故填whoever。
30.why。is后接表语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据意思可知, 此处表示原因, 故填why。
31.That。根据对话可知, 答语部分的句子相当于问句中的what, 作主语, 是主语从句。从句中主干齐全, 陈述了一个事实, 故用that引导。
32.what。分析句子结构和意义可知, 本题考查宾语从句和强调句。express后面缺少宾语, 故填what。
33.that。此处是that引导的同位语从句, 用来解释说明a promise的具体内容, 同时从句中不缺少成分, 且句意完整, 所以用that引导。
34.that。分析句子结构和成分可知, “______the meeting would be postponed”是notice的同位语从句, 解释说明notice的具体内容, 从句不缺少成分, 所以用that引导。
35.whichever。动词choose后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 表示在一定范围内选择某一个用whichever, 不能用whatever。
36.when。was后接表语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据句子意思可知, 此处表示时间, 故填when。
37.what。分析句子结构可知, it是形式主语, 后面是主语从句。主语从句中缺少主语, 故用what引导。
38.why。第二个句子是一般疑问句, 还原为陈述句后可以发现is后面接表语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据对话的语境可知此处表示原因, 故填why。
(二) 语篇语法填空
【文章大意】本文记叙了“我”在餐馆看到了一位穿着朴素的男士在吃完饭后用一张100万英镑付款的故事。
1.that/which。考查定语从句。从句在名词后, 修饰限制thing, 应用定语从句, 从句中缺主语, 指物, 故应填that或which。
2.who。考查宾语从句。动词knew后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少表语, 根据句意可知应填who。
3.why。考查宾语从句。动词wondered后接宾语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知表示原因, 故填why。
4.whether/if。考查宾语从句。动词doubted后接宾语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知表示“是否”的意思, 故填whether或if。
5.whether/if。考查宾语从句。动词asked后接宾语从句, 从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知表示“是否”的意思, 故填whether或if。
6.that。考查宾语从句。从句中不缺成分, 陈述事实, 故填that。
7.whether/if。考查宾语从句。动词asked后接双宾语, 从句中不缺成分, 结合句意可知有“是否”的意思, 故填whether或if。
8.what。考查主语从句。空格处的连词引导的从句作couldn’t be的主语, 从句中的动词showed缺少一个宾语, 指物, 故填what。
9.Why。考查主语从句。从句中主干齐全, 根据句意可知表示“原因”, 故填why。
其用法相当于名词的从句叫名词性从句。根据它在句中不同的语法功能可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。如：
Where cars will be parked in the future is a question. （主语从句）
I think that watching TV too much is bad for people’s health. （宾语从句）
Wenchuan is not what it used to be after the earthquake. （表语从句）
Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. （同位语从句）
2. 名词性从句应注意的几个问题
（1） 引导词。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：①that ②if / whether ③wh-疑问词。引导词必须位于名词性从句的最前面。
（2） 语序。名词性从句采用陈述句语序，即“主语＋谓语”。如：
I really don’t know_____I kept the secret papers.
A. where was it
B. it was where that
C. where it was that
D. where was it that
【解析】 C考查宾语从句。根据引导词一定要位于从句的最前面，排除B项；又因为要用陈述句语序，排除A和D项，故C项正确。
（3） 时态一致。当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，如果从句表述的不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如：
The man insisted that the lady_____his wallet and that she_____to the police station.
A. steal； should be taken
B. stole； be taken
C. stole； should take
D. should steal； should take
【解析】 Binsist后接宾语从句表示“坚持……，主张……应该……”（即该动作尚未发生）时，从句谓语动词用“（should）＋动词原形”，should可省略；insist意为“坚持说……，认为……”，表示事实时，从句谓语动词根据情况选择使用适当时态。由本句句意可知第一个that从句表示的是“坚持说……”，而主句谓语动词是一般过去时，根据时态一致原则第一空应用一般过去时，排除A和D项；第二个that从句表示“主张……”，故选B。
1. 名词性从句中that与what的区别
① When faced with life-and-death decisions，
a teacher can be expected to do is to protect students with his or her own life.
A. thatB. what
C. howD. whether
【解析】 B考查主语从句。本题主语从句中连接词作宾语，排除作状语的how和不充当句子成分的whether。that引导主语从句时在句中也不充当成分，故选择B。
② It is difficult to fill the kids’ minds with the idea_____they must love study.
A. whichB. what
C. whetherD. that
【解析】 D名词idea后的从句不缺少句子成分，由此可断定是同位语从句，故选择连接词that。
点拨名词性从句中that与what的区别是：
（1） that在名词性从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用；而what在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用， 也充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语等。
（2） that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可以省略， 但如果有两个或两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句（及以下）中的that不可以省略。如：
She said （that） she had left school and that her parents would find her a job.
2. 名词性从句中的it作形式主语或形式宾语
① Why don’t you bring_____to his attention that now students are bearing too heavy a study load？
A. itB. this
C. thatD. what
【解析】 A考查it作形式宾语的用法。“that now
students are bearing too heavy a study load”是真正的宾语。that和this不能作形式宾语。
②_____disappeared as time went on that he was afraid of climbing high mountains.
A. ItB. That
C. WhatD. Which
【解析】 A考查it作形式主语的用法。句中that引导的从句是真正的主语。
点拨在名词性从句中，为了保持句子的平衡，往往用it作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放到后面，尤其是that引导的主语从句常用it作形式主语。
（1）动词find，feel，consider，make，believe等后面有宾语补足语时，需要用it作形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。如：
I think it necessary that we drink plenty of hot water every day.
（2） 主语从句一般位于句首，但有时可以用it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。这种用法通常用于“It’s+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从句”句型中。如：
It’s reported that the president would come to visit our school.
It’s certain that he will attend the meeting.
3. 名词性从句中whether与if的区别
you go or stay at home won’t make any difference.
A. IfB. When
C. ThatD. Whether
【解析】 D考查主语从句。本句不缺任何成分，排除作状语的when；if不能引导主语从句，也排除。whether引导主语从句时只起连接作用，虽有意义，但不充当句子成分，故选D。
点拨whether与if表示“是否”时的区别：
两者都没有实际意义，在引导宾语从句时，可以互换使用；但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not时通常只能用whether，而不能用if。
4. 在某些动词后的宾语从句或这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词形式引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用“（should）+动词原形”。常见的此类动词有：insist，order，command，suggest，advise，demand，require，request等。
I advised that he_____to the hospital at once， but he insisted that he_____quite well then.
A. be sent； was feeling
B. was sent； felt
C. be sent； feel
D. should be sent； should feel
【解析】 Aadvise后接的宾语从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”；insist在句中意为“坚持说……”，其后的宾语从句根据时态一致原则采用一般过去时。
5. whoever，whichever，whatever引导名词性从句与引导让步状从句的区别
Word comes_____free books will be given to_____come first in this book fair.
A. which； no matter who
B. that； anyone who
C. which； whoever
D. that； whoever
【解析】 D“Word comes that ...”意为“消息传来说……”，that引导的同位语从句中含有一个介词后的宾语从句。whoever引导宾语从句，在此相当于“those who ...”，但不能替换为no matter who。
点拨whoever，whichever，whatever可引导名词性从句和让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时，不可由no matter who，no matter which，no matter what替换，因为后者只能引导让步主语从句。值得注意的是whoever引导名词性从句时，通常相当于anyone who或those who；whatever引导名词性从句时相当于anything that。
难点一： 连接词多，难以确定
多数名词性从句的连接词都有其特定意思，且在从句中充当句子成分。请参看下表：
注意：that在名词性从句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，其本身没有实际意义，在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不能省略，引导宾语从句时可以省略。
点拨解题时应先分析名词性从句意义是否完整，确定应使用有意义的连接词还是无意义的连接词，然后再根据从句所缺成分及连接词的意义确定连接词。
① The media today can draw public attention to
help is actually needed.
A. thatB. which
C. whereD. whose
【解析】 C考查介词后的宾语从句。分析宾语从句句子成分可知，从句是主系表结构，缺少地点状语，故选C。
②All the books I have are here. You may borrow_____you like.
A. whateverB. whichever
C. wheneverD. however
【解析】 B考查宾语从句。从句中缺少宾语，应用连接代词，排除作状语的C和D项。whatever意为“任何……的事物”，不符合题意，也可排除。选择B。
难点二： what考题结构复杂，语义抽象
I lived in_____you call “Ancient Greece” and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time ago.
A. whatB. which
C. thatD. where
【解析】 Ain后的宾语从句中缺少call的宾语，应用连接代词，排除作地点状语的where；that在宾语从句中不充当句子成分，也不合题意；而which语义不符。
点拨what引导的名词性从句是常考易错点。what除表达具体明确的“所……的东西/事”外， 还可以表示“……的时间/地点/人/速度”等抽象意义， 难度较大。注意解题时不能仅根据汉语意思选择连接词。
难点三： 同位语从句和定语从句的区分
Information has been put forward_____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. whileB. that
C. whenD. which
【解析】 B从句不缺少句子成分，是同位语从句，故选择that作连接词。
点拨同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的连词均不在从句中充当成分；定语从句对名词加以限制，是名词内容的修饰性定语，且定语从句的关系词在从句中必定充当句子成分。解题时应先分析从句和先行词之间是同位关系还是修饰关系：如果为同位关系则属于同位语从句，如果为修饰关系则是定语从句。
难点四：名词性从句中的插入成分
When you are reading， make a note of_____ you think is of great importance.
A. whichB. that
C. whatD. when
【解析】 C考查名词性从句。介词of后的宾语从句中you think是插入语，从句中缺少主语，故排除D项。which语义不符，而that在从句中不充当句子成分，故选择C项。
点拨有插入语的情况多出现在宾语从句中，常见的插入语有：he thought， you think， I think / suppose / believe等。遇到这种情况时，删除插入语会更容易选出正确答案。
【自我检测】
1. Thanks to the application of new farming methods， the output is now six times_____it was before 2000.
A. thatB. what
C. whichD. how
2. Kevin consulted his teacher about_____he should study abroad after graduation..
A. whetherB. where
C. whenD. that
3. The news came， as expected，_____my cousin was chosen to be a foreign aid doctor to go to Africa where people are suffering a lot from AIDS.
A. itB. that
C. whatD. which
4._____ annoyed him most was that he had received no apology.
A. HowB. Why
C. WhatD. Which
5. After five hours’ drive， they reached_____they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
A. whatB. where
C. thatD. which
答案与解析
1. B 考查表语从句。从句中缺少表语，应用连接代词，排除D项；that在表语从句中不充当句子成分，也不符合；which语义不符，故选择B项。
2. A 考查介词后的宾语从句。分析可知从句不缺少句子成分，排除作状语的B和C项；that在名词性从句中不作句子成分，也没有意义，可排除。根据句意应选择whether，意为“是否”。
3. B 考查同位语从句。从句中不缺少句子成分，排除what和which；而it不能引导名词性从句。本题为平衡句子结构而将同位语从句后置。
4. C 考查主语从句。“annoyed him most”中缺少主语，应用连接代词，排除作状语的A和B项；which语义与句意不符，故选择C项what，表示“所……的事情”。
