第四单元同步练习

第四单元同步练习（精选5篇）

第四单元同步练习 篇1

Passage One

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

If the salinity(含盐量)of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place.Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important.There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity.One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation—conversion of liquid water-to-water vapor.In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind.If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind;this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation(降水), such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean.Here the ocean is being diluted(冲淡)so that the salinity is decreased.This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean.Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of the water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation.Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice.When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared.Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Waddell Sea, of America;the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water.This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.1.All of the following are processes that decrease salinity except ____.A.runoffB.evaporationC.meltingD.precipitation

2.The salinity of the oceanic water is generally higher in ____.A.tropical areasB.coastal regionsC.turbulent areasD.rainy regions

3.The Waddell Sea is mentioned in the passage to ____.A.give an example of cold water salinityB.point out the location of deep waters

C.compare Antarctic waters with Arctic watersD.indicate that this body of water has salinity variations

4.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE, according to the passage?

A.Various factors combine to cause variations in the salinity of water.B.As a result of the formation of ocean ice water salinity decreases.C.The salinity of the water near the bottom of the oceans is relatively high.D.In coastal areas the ocean is diluted by rivers.5.The major points discussed in the passage is ____.A.the subtraction of water

B.the conversion of liquid water to water vapor

C.the salinity of ocean water

D.the effect of precipitation on the salinity of ocean water

Passage Two

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

The cat has probably been associated with Man since it was first given a place by his fire in return for keeping the cave dwelling free of rats and mice.The relationship between the cat and Man has not been constant, however, Man’s attitude has ranged through indifference and neglect to the extremes of persecution(残害)and worship.The Egyptians had great faith in the power of a living cat to protect them from both natural and supernatural evils.They made small ornaments and charms representing cats and the various cat deities(神性).These decorated their homes and were buried with them to ensure that the soul of the dead person was protected on its perilous journey through the hostile spirit world.Pious Egyptians always mummified their cats and had them buried with almost as much reverence(尊严)as if they were human beings.At the end of the last century, a cat cemetery was discovered near the site of the ancient city of Bubastis.Here literally hundreds of thousands of little cat mummies were found ranged neatly on shelves.Some were stolen, destroyed, and antique dealers sold many to tourists.Thousands were left.

The ancient Jews believed that when a religious person who had reached a high degree of sanctity died, his soul entered the body of a cat and remained there until the cat itself died a natural death.Only then could it enter Paradise.Exactly the same belief existed in Burma and Thailand until comparatively recently, and beautiful sacred cats were kept in great luxury in the temples.When a member of the royal house of Siam died, his favorite cat was buried alive with him but a small opening was always left for its escape.When the cat emerged, the priests knew that the prince’s soul had safely entered its feline(似猫的)host, and the cat was ceremonially sent to the Temple.At the crowning of the young King of Siam in 1926, a white cat was carried by a court official in the procession to the Throne Room.The old King’s soul was resting in this cat, and his faithful former courtiers knew that he would want to be present at the crowning of his successor.6.Man’s attitude towards cats has been ____.A.constantly hostile throughout the ages

B.friendly

C.through many changes

D.negligent from time immemorial

7.The word “perilous” in the last sentence of Paragraph 2 most probably means ____.A.dangerousB.longC.boringD.pleasant

8.Ancient Egyptians buried catlike ornaments with them for the reason that ____.A.they had blind worship of cats

B.they had natural inclination to persecute cats

C.they hoped to be under the cat’s protection against all evils

D.cats were their pets

9.The ancient Jews held the belief that ____.A.good cats could enter paradise after they died a natural death

B.a good man’s soul was protected by a cat

C.a holy person’s soul entered a cat’s body after his death

D.man had to believe religion

10.At the 1926 Coronation of Siam a white cat was ____.A.escorted to the Temple

B.believed to be the spiritual guardian of the old king

C.presented to the new king

D.buried alive with the old king

II.Cloze

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side of the paper.You should choose the one that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.For the past two years, I have been working on students’ evaluation of classroom teaching.I have kept a record of informal conversations __1__ some 300 students from at __2__ twenty one colleges and universities.The students were generally __3__ and direct in their comments __4__ how course work could be better __5__.Most of their remarks were kindly __6__—with tolerance rather than bitterness—and frequently were softened by the __7__ that the students were speaking __8__ some, not all, instructors.Nevertheless, __9__ the following suggestions and comments indicate, students feel __10__ with things as they are in the classroom.

Professors should be __11__ from reading lecture notes.” It makes their __12__ monotonous(单调的).”If they are going to read, why not__13__ out copies of the lecture?

Then we __14__ need to go to class.Professors should __15__ repeating in lectures material that is in the textbook.“__16__ we’ve read the material, we want to __17__ it or hear it elaborated on, __18__ repeated.” A lot of students hate to buy a __19__ text that the professor has written __20__ to have his lectures repeat it.”

1.A.involvingB.countingC.coveringD.figuring

2.A.bestB.leastC.lengthD.large

3.A.reservedB.hardworkingC.politeD.frank

4.A.overB.atC.onD.of

5.A.presentedB.submittedC.describedD.written

6.A.receivedB.addressedC.madeD.taken

7.A.occasionB.truthC.caseD.fact

8.A.onB.aboutC.atD.with

9.A.thoughB.whetherC.asD.if

10.A.dissatisfiedB.unsatisfactoryC.satisfiedD.satisfactory

11.A.interferedB.interruptedC.discouragedD.disturbed

12.A.voicesB.soundsC.pronunciationD.gestures

13.A.holdB.leaveC.dropD.give

14.A.couldn’tB.wouldn’tC.mustn’tD.shouldn’t

15.A.refuseB.prohibitC.preventD.avoid

16.A.OnceB.UntilC.HoweverD.Unless

17.A.rememberB.argueC.discussD.keep

18.A.yetB.notC.andD.or

19.A.desiredB.revisedC.requiredD.deserved

第四单元同步练习 篇2

一、 根据下列句子及所给单词的首字母，写

出空缺处各单词的完全形式。

1. We must set a l______ to the expense of the trip.

2. He made an a______ with the doctor at eight.

3. We must take m______ to stop the environment pollution.

4. Drunken driving is often the c______ of accidents.

5. There has been a s______ of accidents at the crossing.

6. She finally achieved her g______.

7. I had no c______ but to wait there.

8. Do you know the t______ of your blood?

9. No w______ he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day.

10. All the morning he was busy repairing his bike, not even stopping for b______.

二、 用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空

1. It______(seem) to him that he would not solve the problem.

2. I______(remind) to live up to my promise.

3. Four______(add) to five is nine.

4. The sports meet______(hold) next Saturday.

5. I suggested that he______(adapt) himself to his new conditions.

6. The result of the experiment is______ (satisfy).

7. His parents are dead and he lives with a family that______(treat) him badly.

8. A fire started in a hotel, and it soon______(spread) through the whole of the town.

9. The building______(build). I cant standthe noise.

10. As the final exam was coming, the teachers were busy______(prepare) the test papers.

三、 根据句意,用适当的介词或副词填空。

1. She is going to compete______him in thesecond round.

2. Years of fighting left the area______ruins.

3. Her letter brought______to me the days when we stayed among the mountains.

4. There were signs everywhere warning people to look out______falling rocks.

5. Ill communicate______my lawyer about this matter.

6. He is quick to adapt himself______new circumstances.

7. The climate here doesnt agree______me.

8. The lights died______suddenly.

9. I dont know what to do______the naughty boy?

10. I believe him, but I dont believe______him.

四、 根据句意,选择适当的短语填入下列句

子(有多余的短语,每个短语限用一次)

1. Tom,______his parents, has gone to theparty.

2. The houses were______ , but they were in good condition a few years ago.

3. Youd better take some medicine with you ______ someone gets sick.

4. Who do you think will______now that the governor has been dismissed?

5. —What does ESL______ ?

—English-as-a-second-language.

6. Ill______you at 7 oclock and well go to the cinema together.

7. Mary is never happy here. She has to be ______ all the time.

8. The twins have a lot______ .

9.______many girls, Kate was indeed lucky.

10. Yao Ming has______just size.

五、 单项填空

1. We have history on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, that is, we have it______ .

A. every other daysB. every three days

C. every other dayD. each two days

2. I bought a bike yesterday,______was very reasonable.

A. which priceB. the price of which

C. its priceD. the price of whose

3. Beer______alcohol; drinking too much of

it will do harm to health.

A. includesB. contains

C. holdsD. remains

4. Everyone arrived late at the party for______ reasons.

A. a large amount of

B. a good many of

C. a great deal of

D. a variety of

5. Many people came to the meeting, of whom______left early.

A. numberB. the numbers

C. the numberD. a number

6. A bomb______two buildings and damaged several others.

A. injuredB. damaged

C. destroyedD. harmed

7. She wanted to buy four______eggs, but there were only two______eggs left in the shop.

A. scores of; dozens of

B. score of; dozen of

C. score of; dozen

D. scores; dozens

8. —Shall we go shopping or stay at home？

—Which______do?

A. would you rather

B. do you rather

C. should you rather

D. will you rather

9. He has changed a lot, and many of his friends say that he is not the same man______ .

A. like what he wasB. as he used to

C. like he wasD. as he used to be

10. It rained for three weeks, completely______our holiday.

A. ruiningB. to ruin

C. ruinedD. ruins

11. The little boy______out in the dark at night.

A. dares not go

B. does not dare going

C. dare not go

D. dares not to go

12. Without more coal______the fire, it would soon go out.

A. added toB. added

C. adding toD. added up to

13. Filled with great______ , he lifted the heavy bag onto his shoulder.

A. powerB. energy

C. strengthD. force

14. Who______has seen the film doesnt admire it?

A. thatB. whoC. whichD. as

15. His face was badly______by the hot sun while he was working in the countryside.

A. hurtB. shoneC. hitD. burnt

六、完形填空

根据短文意思和首字母提示，写出空缺处各单词的完全形式，使短文语义完整。

Mr. Zhang aged 70 years old is a retired worker. He has been r______(1) for 15 years. Although his children all have a well?鄄paid job and are kind to him, he prefers to live alone. He is very i______(2). Early in the morning, he goes out pulling a cart to collect any old items which can be sold for money such as old newspapers, books, tins, bottles and something else.

One day, Mr. Zhang and I were drinking and chatting when a woman about 40 years old came over, with a wine b______(3) in her hand. She said: “a Mao Tai wine bottle is 30 Yuan. The trade mark of mine and the bottles lid are both intact, so I think the bottle ought to c______(4) more ...” “40 Yuan,” the old man o______(5) a higher price. The woman handed the bottle out, c______(6) the money and left.

Mr. Zhang suddenly p______(7) up a stone at hand, and hit the bottle heavily, breaking the bottle into p______(8). I stared in s______(9). “Why did you d______(10) it?” “In this way they can not make fake wine.” The old man answered lightly.

七、阅读下面短文，回答问题。

阅读下列短文,用尽量简短的英语(可以是句子,也可以是单词或短语)回答所提的问题或补足不完整的句子。

In our life, we have rarely expressed our gratitude to the one whod lived those years with us. In fact, we dont have to wait for anniversaries to thank the ones close to us—the ones so easily overlooked. If I have learned anything about giving thanks, it is this: give it now! While your feeling of appreciation is alive and sincere, act on it. Saying thanks is such an easy way to add to the worlds happiness.

Saying thanks not only brightens someone elses world, it brightens yours. If youre feeling left out, unloved or unappreciated, try reaching out to others. It may be just the medicine you need.

Of course, there are times when you cant express gratitude immediately. In that case dont let embarrassment sink you into silence—speak up the first time you have the chance.

Once a young minister, Mark Brian, was sent to a remote parish of Kwakiutl Indians in British Columbia. The Indians, he had been told, did not have a word for ‘thank you. But Brian soon found that these people had exceptional generosity. Instead of saying thanks, it is their custom to return every favor with a favor of their own, and every kindness with an equal or superior kindness. They do their thanks.

I wonder if we had no words in our vocabulary for ‘thank you, would we do a better job of communicating our gratitude? Would we be more responsive, more sensitive, more caring?

Thankfulness sets in motion a chain reaction that transforms people all around us—including ourselves. For no one ever misunderstands the melody of a grateful heart. Its message is universal; its lyrics transcend all earthly barriers; its music touches the heavens.

1. Which does the author prefer: to wait for

anniversaries to thank the ones close to us

or to give thanks now?

__________________________________________

2. Besides brightening someone elses world,

saying thanks brightens__________________

__________________________________________

3. What had Mark Brian been told?

__________________________________________

4. Do the Indians do their thanks?

__________________________________________

5. What is the best title for this passage?

__________________________________________

参考答案：

一、 1. limit2. appointment3. measures4. cause5. series6. goal7. choice8. type 9. wonder10. breath

二、 1. seemed2. was reminded3. added4. will be held5. (should) adapt6. satisfying / satifactory7. treats8. spread9. is being built10. preparing

三、 1. against / with2. in3. back4. for5. with6. to7. with8. out9. with 10. in

四、 1. together with2. in ruins3. in case4. take over5. stand for6. call for7. on the go8. in common9. Compared to / with10. more than

五、1-5 CBBDD6-10CCADA 11-15CACAD

六、1. retired2. independent3. bottle4. cost5. offered6. counted7. picked8. pieces9. surprise10. destroy

第四单元同步练习 篇3

第四单元第二课

笔算乘法

同步练习

（II）卷

姓名:________

班级:________

成绩:________

小朋友们，经过一段时间的学习，你们一定进步不少吧，今天就让我们来检验一下！

一、选择题。

(共4题；共8分)

1.（2分）

(2020三上·广饶期末)

王阿姨想买26支同样的花，最多需要（）元．

A

.390

B

.442

C

.312

D

.452

2.（2分）

李老师带领24个学生去动物园，每张门票是35元，需要花（）元。

A

.875

B

.840

C

.865

3.（2分）

一个坏了的水龙头每分要白白流掉65克水，1时浪费掉（）克水。

A

.650

B

.65

C

.3900

4.（2分）

□3×11的积最大是（）。

A

.1563

B

.143

C

.1023

二、填空题。

(共4题；共9分)

5.（1分）

二(2)班同学站队做操，每排8人，正好站成5排。已知这个班有26名男生，女生有________人。

6.（2分）

36的315倍是________，135个32是________。

7.（4分）

口算．

88÷4＝________

700×7＝________

103×3＝________

4200－4000＝________

8.（2分）

邮递员平均每天要送300份报纸和60封信．照这样计算，10天送报纸________份？信件________件？

三、计算题。

(共1题；共15分)

9.（15分）

计算

（1）

509×18

（2）

380×20

（3）

180×46

四、解答题。

(共4题；共20分)

10.（5分）

修路队要修一条公路，已经修了23天，每天修38米，还剩下64米没修，这段公路长多少米？

11.（5分）

(2015·吉安)

科技馆售票处规定：个人门票（1人劵）5元，团体门票（可供10人用）35元，李老师带45名同学一起去参观，请你帮李老师想一想怎样买票用的钱最少？算一算最少是多少钱？

12.（5分）

一只哈蟆4条腿，8只哈蟆几条腿？

13.（5分）

菜店运来223筐白菜，每筐白菜重35千克，一共运来多少千克白菜？

参考答案

一、选择题。

(共4题；共8分)

1-1、2-1、3-1、4-1、二、填空题。

(共4题；共9分)

5-1、6-1、7-1、8-1、三、计算题。

(共1题；共15分)

9-1、9-2、9-3、四、解答题。

(共4题；共20分)

第四单元同步练习 篇4

第I卷（选择题）

1．南北朝时期两大著名的石窟是：

①龙门石窟 ②敦煌莫高窟③云冈石窟 ④麦积山石窟 A．①② B．③④ C．①③ D．②④

2． 从东汉末年到西晋初年，陆续内迁的北方少数民族主要有 A．鲜卑、匈奴、大月氏、羌、氐 B．匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌 C．乌孙、鲜卑、匈奴、羯、羌D．匈奴、大月氏、乌孙、鲜卑、氐 3．世界上第一次把圆周率的数值计算到小数点后7位的是： A．刘徽 B．祖冲之 C．郦道元 D．贾思勰 4．“三顾茅庐”故事中住在茅庐里的历史人物是：

A．曹操 B．刘备 C．孙权 D．诸葛亮

5．和右边的历史短剧台词（片段）相关联的是

A．商鞅变法B．蒙恬出击匈奴C．张骞出使西域D．北魏孝文帝改革

6． 我国老百姓的主食一般呈现出“北麦南稻”的格局，但在魏晋南北朝时，南方老百姓的餐桌上除了稻米之外，还有各类北方面食，出现这种现象的主要原因是 A．南方商品经济的发展 B．面食的营养价值高 C．人口南迁和民族融合的影响 D．南方人口增多 7．东汉末年决定“天下三分”的著名战役是 A．长平之战 B．马陵之战

C．赤壁之战 D．官渡之战

8．我们要加大对敦煌莫高窟的保护力度，这是因为 A．里面有大量精美的彩塑．壁画和大量佛经．文书 B．里面有大量的碑刻书法 C．它的建筑具有独创风格

D．大部分洞窟是南北朝时期开凿的，年代久远

9．学习历史，首先要注意时间概念，懂得计算年代，现在世界上通用的是公元纪年，公元纪年把每100年叫做一个“世纪”。习惯上每个世纪头20年叫某世纪初，最后10年又叫某世纪末。据此你认为发生在208年的赤壁之战应该是表述为： A．2世纪初B．2世纪末C．3世纪初D．3世纪末 10．“诏不得以北俗之语言于朝廷，若有违者，免所居官”，这道诏书是哪位统治者颁发： A．秦始皇B．汉武帝C．曹操D．北魏孝文帝

11．下列关于魏晋南朝时期江南经济得以发展的原因中，最重要的是： A．江南土地肥沃，有优越的自然条件 B．江南社会秩序比较安定

C．北民南迁带来了劳动力与先进的生产技术 D．南方人民的辛勤努力

12．下列关于北魏孝文帝改革的叙述正确的是

①改革的根本目的是为了维护北魏政权

②学习汉族先进的经济文化政策是改革的核心内容 ③改革加速了黄河流域的民族大融合的过程 ④为北魏统一全国奠定了基础

⑤494年，孝文帝把都城从平城迁至咸阳

A．①②③ B．②③④ C．③④⑤ D．①②③⑤

13．尊老爱幼、崇尚忠孝是中华民族的传统美德。下列把“以孝治国，提倡尊老、养老”作为重要改革措施的少数民族首领是

A.呼韩邪单于 B．北魏孝文帝 C．辽太祖阿保机 D．金太祖阿骨打 14．下图为三国鼎立示意图，哪个数字所示的地区是吴国

A．① B．② C．③ D．④ 15．有一位科学家是世界上第一个把圆周率的数值计算到小数点后第七位的人，这位科学家是

A．张衡

B．沈括

C．蔡伦

D．祖冲之 16．史料解读是历史学习的基本要求。《资治通鉴》记载：“（魏主）今欲断（禁止）诸北语（鲜卑语等），一从正音（汉语）。„„三十以下，见在朝廷之人，语音不听仍旧，若有故为，当加降黜。”该史料反映了北魏孝文帝改革的哪项措施 A．迁都洛 B．改用汉姓

C．该穿汉服

D．学说汉语 17．《资治遥鉴》说曹操统治北方能“化乱为治”，而《三国演义》说曹操是“乱世之奸雄”。以下关于史书与历史小说的评论，正确的是（）A.史书通常以历史小说为依据

B.历史小说与史书内容基本是一样的 C.历史小说的人物经过了文学艺术加工 D.史书带有强烈的个人感情色彩

第II卷（非选择题）

18．改革是社会发展的动力，每一个国家，每一个民族要发展进步，就必须与时俱进，敢于改革。根据所学回答问题：

（1）齐桓公是春秋时期的第一位霸主，他任用了谁进行改革？

（2）战国时期，效果最为显著的改革是什么?改革中有关废除奴隶主贵族特权的内容是哪一项？这次改革有什么作用？

（3）北魏孝文帝也进行了有效的改革，写出孝文帝改革的（三项）措施和作用

（4）教育的发展离不开改革与创新。为了更好地推动学校的建设和发展，请提出你的改革建议。

19．商鞅变法和孝文帝改革就其深度、广度、影响，两者可媲美。阅读下列材料，回答问题。材料一：商鞅很清楚秦国羸弱的根源在哪里，简单地说是三个“低下”，一个“落后”。三个“低下”，一是生产力低下，二是行政效率低下，三是军队战斗力低下。一个“落后”是生产关系落后。要改革的话，肯定要从这四方面下重手。——摘自《“商鞅变法”精神实质的再思考》

材料二：魏初风俗至陋，„„迁都之后，于革易旧俗，亦可谓雷厉风行。„„民族根柢（树根），莫如语言，语言消灭，未有不同化于他族者。孝文以仰慕中国之文化之故，至欲自举其语言而消灭之，其改革之心，可谓勇矣。其于制度，亦多所厘定。——吕思勉《两晋南北朝史》

材料三：北魏在中原建立以后，所面临的最大问题即如何处理这一广大地区的民族关系，其中包含如何对待汉族的先进生产方式、汉族的文化问题。是继续保存拓跋氏旧的社会制度和旧有的文化习惯，还是捐弃旧俗，接受先进的文化，在新的历史环境中获得新生，北魏统治者必须作出抉择。

——白寿彝《中国通史》 请回答：

（1）根据材料一，结合所学知识，简要说明商鞅为了解决三个“低下” 采取了哪些措施？这些措施对秦国产生了哪些重要影响？

（2）根据材料二判断，孝文帝采取了哪些改革措施？

（3）根据材料三，结合所学知识，孝文帝成功处理好“最大问题”具有哪些作用？

（4）结合以上材料和所学知识，你对改革有何认识?

20．阅读下列材料 材料一 魏主曰：“国家兴自北土，徒居平城，虽富有四海，文轨未一。此间用武之地，非可文治，移风易俗，信甚为难。崤函帝圣，河洛王里，因兹大举，光宅中原”。

——引自《魏书》 材料二 孝文帝曰：“今欲断北语，一从正音。其年三十以上，习性已久，容不可卒草，三十以下见在朝廷之人，语言不听仍旧。若有故为，当加降黜，各宜深戒”。

——引自《资治通鉴》 请回答：

（1）材料中的 “魏主”是哪个皇帝？他决定将都城迁到哪里？

（2）结合所学知识，你认为迁都的目的是什么？

（3）说明材料二“北语”、“正音”各指什么语言？

（4）材料反映的措施起了什么作用？

21．请认真观察下图《东晋南迁移民分布图》回答问题：

（1）东汉末年北方人口南迁的原因是什么？

（2）南迁移民在什么时候形成南迁浪潮？

（3）南迁移民主要分布在什么地区？

（4）大批北方移民南下，给南方经济带来了什么影响？

22．读下图回答

（1）请写出图1中字母所代表的政权名称。

A B C D（2）请写出图2中字母所代表的政权名称。E F

（3）图1中A国与赵国之间在战国末期发生的空前激烈的战役是？（4）奠定图2三国鼎立局面形成的战役是？

（5）结束图

1、图2政权并立局面的分别是哪两个王朝？这两个王朝有很多共同点，请说出其中一点。

23．自十八大以来，习近平主席9次离京调研考察，改革均被提及。纵观历史改革是社会发展的强大动力。阅读下列材料，回答问题： 材料一 管仲相桓公，霸诸侯，一匡天下。——《论语》

材料二 及秦孝公用商君，坏井田，开阡陌，急耕战之赏„„倾邻国而雄诸侯„„至于始皇，遂并天下。——《汉书·食货志》

材料三 如果说从平城到洛阳的北魏是汉代先行者，那么，西魏。北周就是追随者„„北周政权折射出中华民族历史重新走向全国统一，建立在魏晋南北朝民族大融合的基础上。——《简明中国史读本》 请回答：

（1）依次写出三则史料反映的我国古代史上的三次政治改革。

（2）第一次的改革有何影响？

（3）据材料二概括第二次改革的主要内容。材料中的哪一句话能够反映出此次改革所起到的作用？

（4）结合所学知识，说一说第三次改革的主要内容有哪些？概括第二三则史料，指出这两次改革历史作用的相同之处。

24．思想的变革促进了人类文明的进步。文化是引领时代前进的旗帜。中华文化博大精深，源远流长，以其独具风格的文化魅力打动和影响世界。读图结合所学知识回答问题。

（1）图一人物在《世界百位名人录》中名列前十位的思想家、教育家孔子。易中天教授曾经说过：“从孔子那里我读到一颗爱心；„„从韩非那里我读到一双冷眼。”请结合所学知识，谈谈孔子的“爱心”、韩非的“冷眼”各体现在什么地方。作为教育家，孔子非常有教育主张，你能说出两点吗？

（2）图二历史人物是生活在东汉时期的谁？他对世界文化的重大贡献是什么？这一重大贡献有何意义？

（3）图三的历史人物是谁？他在数学领域取得的突出成就是什么?你认为以上历史人物身上有哪些精神品质值得学习借鉴？

参考答案

1．C．

2．B．

3．B．

4．D．

5．D

6.C

7．C

8．A

9．C 10．D

11．D

12．A

13．B

14．C

15．D

16．D

17．C 18．

（1）管仲、（2）商鞅变法、根据军功大小授予爵位和田宅，废除没有军功的旧贵族的特权、因为经过变法，秦国的经济得到发展，军队战斗力不断加强，发展成为战国后期最富强的封建国家。（3）汉化措施：改穿汉服；说汉语；采用汉姓；与汉人通婚；采用汉族的官制、律令；学习汉族的礼法，尊崇孔子，以孝治国等、促进了民族融合、（4）符合题意即可。19．（1）承认土地私有，准许自由买卖，提高了农业生产力；奖励军功，提高了军队战斗力； 推行县制，提高了行政效率。（2）迁都洛阳，讲汉语。

（3）有利于北方经济的恢复与发展，促进了北方各族社会的进步，加快了北方民族大融合的进程。

（4）具有开拓创新的精神等（20．

（1）孝文帝 洛阳

（2）加强对黄河流域的控制，巩固统治。（3）鲜卑语 汉语

（4）促进了民族融合等。

21．（1）北方社会动荡不安，南方相对安定。（2）西晋后期。

（3）长江中下游地区。

（4）北方人南迁不但为南方带来了大量的劳动力，而且带来了中原地区先进的生产技术和经验，促进了江南的经济迅速发展起来。22．

（1）秦、楚、齐、燕

（2）蜀、吴

（3）长平之战

（4）赤壁之战

（5）秦朝、西晋 都是统一的朝代（统一时间都不长）23．

（1）管仲改革 ； 商鞅变法； 北魏孝文帝改）（2）使齐国国富兵强，为齐桓公称霸奠定了基

（3）国家承认土地私有，允许自由买卖；奖励耕战

（4）迁都洛阳；实行汉化政策（说汉话、穿汉服、改汉姓、与汉姻等，说出四点即可。为国家统一奠定了基础。24．

（1）孔子：提出“仁”的学说，主张“爱人”“为政以德”等；韩非：主张改革，提倡法治，主张建立君主专制中央集权的封建国家。

教育成就：创办私学，广收门徒；注意“因材施教”，善于启发学生思考；教育学生要有老

老实实的学习态度，要谦虚好学；要求学生时常复习学过的知识，以便温故知新。

（2）蔡伦；贡献：改进造纸术。意义：推动世界文明发展进程，是我国人民对世界文化传播的巨大贡献。

（3）祖冲之；世界上第一次把圆周率的数值计算到小数点后的第七位数字；

八上语文第四单元同步作文 篇5

像不是啊，主人常坐在电脑前，两眼 直勾勾地望着那个发亮的屏，呆坐了一天，还不停地用手指击打着一种像巧克力一样的叫做 “键盘”的玩意儿。可能那就是“E”时代吧!“E”时代好像是蛮有意思的东西，不然的话，主人为何会呆坐一天而会忘记“eat”呢?呵呵，我 Tommy 经过每天的细致、深入地观察，发现主人每天都在上网，人们也真是的，隔着电脑屏，不管对方是男是女，是老是少，都把 自己心窝里的话掏给一个陌生人听。经过我这几天的观察，人们的 CHAT 内容不过仅是四 步曲罢了： “你是男是女?” “你在哪里?” “你几岁了?” “你叫啥?” 哇噻!真是老套!连我 Tommy 都能说的!和主人聊的都是一些自称“漂亮美眉”“芳龄十八”的！去，骗谁来着？网上哪、会变出那么多的“漂亮妹妹“啊？！人的本性真是倍儿虚!嘿嘿!今天主人出门了，下午由我 Tommy 当家!我爬到电脑前面，Lucky!主人还没下网，名字还挂在 Chatroom 上。呵呵，让我网狗 Tommy 来试试网上冲浪的感觉吧!人们常说“虎 父无犬子”，跟了主人那么多年了，可以说“虎主人无犬狗”!咦？“犬”？“狗”？好像一

个意思嘛!chatroom 里面怎么会有那么多的人？人们不用干活吗？名字不是“美丽”“小美”就、是“美眉”的？哼！耍我来的，谁相信啊！哈哈，有人和我说话啦!他（她）叫做 PLMM，咦？怎么没有见过这个英文？莫非是拼音之缩写“破烂妹妹”？不管！聊了再说！PLMM： “阁下是男是女啊？”废话，我是条狗狗!我照例发话过去，但是无奈我的爪子 没有人的手那样灵活，只有精工细做了!PLMM： “谁相信啊!那你叫什么名字啊？几岁？”我又照实情说了，要知道做条好狗，诚实便是金字招牌!“我的的确确是条网狗！我叫 Tommy，今年嘛，正值中年，有 9 岁了！”对方传来的只 是大笑的符号。“你们人类不是常说‘在网上谁也不知道你是条狗’的吗？的确我就是那条狗！” PLMM： “呵！男孩你真可爱！” 我的天！他（她）怎么就是不相信我的话。看来“人性是虚伪的”说得果然不错！哎呀，主人要来了，我得下了。BYE——BYE！嘻嘻，我是一条快乐的网狗 Tommy!生命与网络的链接 广东 邱军帅 打开“我的电脑”，点击“拨号网络”，伴随着 56K 的猫的“滋滋哑哑”的声音，我又步 入浩瀚无边的网络。你们也许会说我是一个被网络俘虏的不良少年，因为报上大串大串地登载着有关网络的 “绯闻”，而且常常是危言耸听： “上网青年容易堕落!”不由你不心跳加快。可我却不这么 认为：每件事物都有好有坏，当人们只看到坏的一面时，也应当想想好的一面

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甚至在我不费吹灰之力就能将一张张名画“带”回家之后，我越来越觉得成不

成黑坛坛主并 不重要，重要的是我能在网上游览世界风光，到达任何一个我想去的地方。上次我就一帆风 顺地围绕地球瞎逛了一圈，这要是让麦哲伦知道他痴迷追求的东西，我一下就办到了，他不 气活才怪呢。我越来越喜欢上网时的天马行空，那才有大侠的风度呢。如果没什么事‘我便会去一些 公共论坛，在 BBS 上神侃，有时会遇上一些陌生人，不管男女老少，我都会和他们侃大山。运气好的话，会遇到同龄人，我们一起抨击时弊，大谈学校教育和家庭教育的弊端，也会互 相鼓励，然后一起去“冲浪”，真是爽到心上了。上网上久了，眼睛度数直线下降。电话单 上的 RMB 却是直线上升，真是涨得惨不忍睹。最后老爸拿起“家法”，老妈拿起“皮鞭” 来禁止我上网，可我仍无悔改之意，我对上网还是一“网”情深，因为网络太神奇，太美妙 了!就这样，网络已逐渐进入我的世界，与我的生命紧紧相连。我漫步在网络的原野上，感 受来自异国他乡的缕缕清风。信息时代的来临，更吸引我努力地探索未知的世界，我愿意走 进网络的天地，去实现我驰骋世界的梦想，因为我已离不开网络世界。

一条网虫 湖北 郑祥治 昆虫，有益虫害虫之分，像瓢虫，属于益虫；蟑螂，属于害虫。网虫也有分别，不过不 是益害之分，而是等级之分，刚学电脑的，叫爬虫，网上高手，叫飞虫。郑飞是一个中学生，自从六年级时父亲为他买了一台电脑，便迷上了上网，学习没有下 降，反而成了一条名副其实的网虫。说起他的网络事迹，那可真有点令人羡慕。郑飞上初二后，什么 Flash，Photo，对他来说，小意思。他真正迷的是网络，他爱在网 上探险。一天，他一边打电脑，一边想，现在网站这么多，随便打一个地址看能不能进。于是，他闭上眼睛，双手在键盘上随意敲了几个字母，按下 Enter。当他睁开眼睛时，电脑上出现 一行字： “你是第一个进入我的网站的人，我给你许多题，你要是能够答对，电脑就归还你； 否则，你的电脑将被我控制，电脑已被我这儿充电，你拔掉电源，也无济于事。如果你拔掉 电源，就表示你输了，好了，开始吧!” 郑飞平静地舒了口气，从容地按下确定键，事实上，没别的键供他选择„„郑飞进入一 道知识题： 第二十一届世界大学生运动会的吉祥物是： A.拉拉 B.盼盼。他想了想，选择了 B，啊!进入了下一题。屋里静悄悄，好像安排好了。这是一道电脑方面的题：什么是病毒？郑飞毫不犹豫地打上：什么是病毒?简单地说，“电脑病毒”，是一组具有复制功能的破坏性电脑程序。” 一道又一道„„ 不知过了多少时间，