初二下英语复习总结（精选8篇）
1.give rides to / give a ride to 2.can’t afford to do 3.decide to do 4.get hurt 5.stop to do 6.stop doing 7.try to do 8.try doing 9.be aware of
10.be different from 11.in good weather 12.some sort of 13.close to
14.be in a good state
15.on the right side of the road 16.at the crosswalk
17.in the front/back seat
18.basic types of transportation 19.a map of transportation 20.road safety
初二期中词组检测三 1.feel dizzy
2.do eye exercises 3.be rich in vitamins 4.eating habits 5.keep healthy 6.brush teeth 7.put on weight 8.give up 9.forget to do 10.talk about
11.make progress/do better in school 12.over two thirds 13.have more energy 14.concentrate better 15.read in poor light 16.feel pressure 17.provide sth for sb.18.as the saying goes / the old saying 19.in this way 20.by the way
初二期中词组检测四 1.a community center 2.taka place 3.change…into 4.to one’s surprise 5.hang out
6.make great progress 7.in charge of 8.raise money
9.replace the broken window 10.take out the trash 11.have a math exam 12.on one’s way to 13.protect environment 14.sell to 15.drive
to
16.take turns doing / to do 17.the number of
进入初三, 每个班的英语水平参差不齐, 在这种情况下采取小组合作学习可以起到很有效的成果。合作学习中, 根据学生的性别、语言能力、英语知识水平等将学生分成几个小组。每个小组中都有能力强的, 也有能力弱的, 通过“强帮弱, 弱学强”, 促成小组成员之间互相帮助和共同提高。合作学习主要在以下几个方面实施:
一、合作记忆词汇和短语
总复习中词汇和短语的记忆和掌握是一个大难题, 一是因为学生本身就认为记单词既难又枯燥, 且要在短时间内将初中所学单词掌握牢固, 灵活运用, 确实有一定的难度。但使用合作学习策略, 就能化难为易, 提高学生的学习兴趣, 取得意想不到的效果。如在复习常用动词词组时, 教师给出动词, 可要求各个合作小组讨论并写出有关这些动词的词组, 如make:make sb. dosth. / make sb.+adj. / sb. be made to do sth. / makeup / make friends / be made up of等。通过小组讨论弄清含义及用法, 可以通过词组造句或讲故事的方法来理解并记住单词及词组的用法。采用合作学习的策略, 大大提高了同学复习词汇的兴趣和积极性, 教学效果显著。
二、合作复习语法
语法是英语复习中最艰难的部分, 时间花得多, 往往收效却不大。合作学习可以使枯燥的语法知识变得生动有趣, 使学生积极主动、快乐地掌握巩固语法知识。合作学习中, 小组成员间共同承担责任, 共同分享成果, 在完成任务的过程中为实现共同的目标而互相鼓励、互相帮助。为了共同的目标发挥各自的优势, 取长补短, 互相纠正语法表达上的错误, 这对于语法较差的同学来说无疑帮助很大。他们可以借助同伴的力量更好地掌握并运用语法知识。例如, 在复习形容词比较级这一节时, 我要求各组同学在两张纸上列出10个不同的名词 (名词可限定范围如动物类、国家类等) , 然后将纸条打乱发给各个小组, 每组两张, 将所得的纸条上的名词随机组合成对, 用形容词比较级、原级造句。如:“The bus runs faster than the bike. The bike doesn’trun as fast as the bus. China has a larger population than America.”在此过程中, 程度较差的组员可能会出现一些错误, 程度较好的组员就会帮助组员纠正错误, 掌握正确的语法知识。最后每组派一名同学向全班朗读本组所造的句子, 其他组可提出自己的异议、看法, 任务完成得好的小组可加分。
三、合作提高阅读能力
阅读理解是英语考试中占分最重的部分, 直接关系到考生考试成绩的高低。阅读能力的提高取决于阅读训练, 因此, 我布置每位同学每天至少完成阅读2篇文章并完成文章后的题目。在阅读过程中遇到的问题, 可拿到小组讨论。每周各小组长要检查组员阅读的情况, 并交老师检查。课堂上为了提高学生的快速阅读能力, 教师要精心设计各项任务, 由学生通过合作完成。学生在完成任务的过程中就是一个合作、互动、创新的过程。小组合作阅读活动可以激发学生的阅读兴趣, 促使他们进行积极思考和进行有意义的语言实践。
四、合作提高写作能力
写作课上, 教师把要写的材料发给各组, 进行小组讨论。在小组内进行协商, 讨论分析题意, 概括要点, 进一步完善, 拓展写作思路。学生的思维、智慧共享, 有利于学习的广泛迁移。讨论完成后, 每个小组成员再独立完成写作。独立写作后, 教师简要传授修改策略, 在小组内互评互改, 进行必要的补充和删减。每个组员都要批改本组成员的作文, 用词不当或错误的地方用红笔划出来, 同时, 好词好句也要划出来。组内改完, 还可进行组间互评, 评出优秀作文和优秀评阅小组。作文讲评时, 老师要宣读优秀范文和奖励优秀评阅小组。这种组员之间的互评互改, 能帮助学生在课堂上形成一种相互合作的氛围, 能发展他们的批判性思维和分析能力。每个学生为了自己和小组的荣誉, 认真写作, 主动写作, 既提高了每个组员的写作能力, 又增加了小组的凝聚力。
1.When the park is hit by a storm, things start going wrong.
2. If you think highly of the film you may encourage other people to go and see it.
Come和go都可以后接形容词，表示状态的变化，此时，其主语一般是物。“go +形容词”多表示“(从好的状态)变为坏的状态”，而“come +形容词”则多表示“(从坏的状态) 变为好的状态”，如：
In hot weather, meat goes bad easily. 热天，肉容易变质。
注意：系动词go后面接“mad、crazy、blind、lame”或表示颜色的形容词时，主语可以是人，如：
Due to an accident, he went lame last year. 去年由于一次车祸，他腿瘸了。
【真题】The traffic lights ______ green and I pulled away. (2006广东)
A. cameB. grew
C. gotD. went
【解析】D。考查系表搭配。虽然四个选项中的动词都可以作连系动词，但搭配不一样。Grow一般接表示人或物特征的静态形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，侧重于表达“逐渐变成”；get常用于口语，它的主语既可是人也可是物，多与形容词比较级连用；而come一般不用于表示颜色的变化，选D。
“Think highly/well of”的意思是“高度评价，赞扬”，如：
His teachers all thought highly of him. 他的老师们都对他评价很高。
类似的短语还有：
think little/poorly of 看轻，看不起
think nothing of 轻视，认为无所谓，认为没什么了不起
【真题】He said, "She _______, and she'd do anything for anybody." (2006模考)
A. is well thought of
B. is thought well
C. thinks well of
D. is thought good
【解析】A。“Well thought of”现多用连字符连接作形容词使用，是由短语“think well of”的被动式变来的。
▲Unit 6
Table manners change overtime. They follow the fashion of the day. Besides, table manners are only important at formal dinner parties.
Besides既可作介词也可作副词。作介词时，意为“除……外(还有)”，后常接名词、代词或动名词短语；作副词时，意为“而且，再者”，相当于“what's more”，常用逗号与后面的句子隔开，如：
He has no other choices besides this one. 除此之外，他没有其他的选择。
I don't like that hat. Besides, it is too expensive. 我不太喜欢那顶帽子，而且它也太贵了。
【真题】I don't mind picking up your things from the store. _____, the walk will do me good. (2004全国)
A. Sooner or laterB. Still
C. In timeD. Besides
【解析】D。根据句意“我并不介意去商店取你的东西。再说，走路也会对我有好处。”后句是对前句的补充，只有D项可以表示这个含义。此处besides相当于also，可译为“此外”“再者”“而且”。
▲Unit 7
Where there is a river, there is a city.
注意区分where 引导的定语从句和状语从句。Where 引导定语从句时，从句修饰的是where前表地点的先行词；而where 引导状语从句时，从句修饰的是整个句子，作整个句子的地点状语，如：
This is the house where my father was born. (定语从句) 这所房子是我父亲出生的地方。
Our teacher advises us to make a mark where we have any questions during reading. (状语从句)老师建议我们阅读时哪儿有问题，就在哪儿作个记号。
【真题】—Mom, what did your doctor say?
—He advised me to live ________ the air is fresher. (2006四川)
A. in whereB. in which
C. the place where
D. where
【解析】D。这是一个地点状语从句，由于句中没有表示地点的先行词，所以不能选B；而如选C项，因live是不及物动词，需加介词in；A项本身错误，排除。
▲Unit 8
To make it the best ever Games，the capital city will make several big changes．
不定式和不定式短语作目的状语，主要用来修饰动词，表示某一动作或状态的目的。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时，还可用“in order to”或“so as to”。由 in order to 引导的目的状语，既可以置于句中，也可以置于句首；而由 so as to 引导的目的状语，只能置于句中，如：
He worked very hard in order to earn enough money for his family. 为了给家人挣足够的钱，他十分努力地工作。
In order to get there before dark, we started early this morning. 为了在天黑前到达那里，我们今早很早就出发了。
She went into the room quietly so as not to wake the baby. 她轻轻进了房间，怕吵醒孩子。
【真题】______ this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour. (2006广东)
A. Having made
B. Make
C. To makeD. Making
【解析】C。考查非谓语动词，用于句首表示目的时，应该用动词不定式。
▲Unit 9
Well, it depends.
“It depends”相当于“That depends”，常用于口语中，意思是“这很难说；那得看情况(而定)”。“It depends”常与all 连用，形成“It all depends”，以加强语气，如：
—Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?
—It all depends.
【真题】— How often do you eat out?
— _____, but usually once a week. (2004天津)
A. Have no idea
B. It depends
C. As usual
D. Generally speaking
【解析】B。注意四个选项各自的含义：Have no idea不知道；It depends 要看情况而定；As usual 和往常一样；Generally speaking 一般来说。根据对话的情景，选B。
▲Unit 10
Use the questions below to get started.
Get started 意为“开始”，是由“get＋done”构成的一种特殊的被动结构，也可视为系表结构，其主语一般是动作的承受者。常用的搭配还有：get dressed、get killed、get burned、get hurt、get caught、get lost、get paid、get drunk、get married等。
【真题】Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to ______ before the party. (2004全国)
A. get changed
B. get change
C. get changing
D. get to change
【解析】A。本题考查get的用法。题意是“萨拉，快点吧！恐怕在宴会前你没时间换衣服”。
Get changed是“换衣服”的意思。Change这个动作是主语发出并施加到自己身上的。
▲Unit 11
Hip-hop music often have much in common with blues and rock, but they also have their own characteristics.
In common 有“共同，共用，共有”的意思，常和have、share等动词连用，如：
Though they are twins, they don't have anything in common. 尽管他们是孪生兄弟，但却没有什么相似之处。
Come和go都可以后接形容词，表示状态的变化，此时，其主语一般是物。“go +形容词”多表示“(从好的状态)变为坏的状态”，而“come +形容词”则多表示“(从坏的状态) 变为好的状态”，如：
In hot weather, meat goes bad easily. 热天，肉容易变质。
注意：系动词go后面接“mad、crazy、blind、lame”或表示颜色的形容词时，主语可以是人，如：
Due to an accident, he went lame last year. 去年由于一次车祸，他腿瘸了。
【真题】The traffic lights ______ green and I pulled away. (2006广东)
A. cameB. grew
C. gotD. went
【解析】D。考查系表搭配。虽然四个选项中的动词都可以作连系动词，但搭配不一样。Grow一般接表示人或物特征的静态形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，侧重于表达“逐渐变成”；get常用于口语，它的主语既可是人也可是物，多与形容词比较级连用；而come一般不用于表示颜色的变化，选D。
“Think highly/well of”的意思是“高度评价，赞扬”，如：
His teachers all thought highly of him. 他的老师们都对他评价很高。
类似的短语还有：
think little/poorly of 看轻，看不起
think nothing of 轻视，认为无所谓，认为没什么了不起
【真题】He said, "She _______, and she'd do anything for anybody." (2006模考)
A. is well thought of
B. is thought well
C. thinks well of
D. is thought good
【解析】A。“Well thought of”现多用连字符连接作形容词使用，是由短语“think well of”的被动式变来的。
▲Unit 12
If only they could find a way to get to the room.
If only....表示愿望，意为“要是……就好了”，常用虚拟语气形式，用一般过去时表示对现在的愿望；用过去完成时或could have done表示对过去的愿望；用过去将来时表示对将来的愿望，如：
If only I were as clever as you！要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊！
If only you had not told Tom what I said, everything would have been all right. 要是你没把我说的告诉汤姆就好了，一切就不会出什么问题了。
【真题】Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _________ your advice. (2003上海春)
A. followedB. would followC. had followedD. should follow
1.Vocabulary: hard-working ,report card ,can do better ,speaking ,listening ,average ,surprise .
2.Patterns: What did your math teacher say ? He said he could speak three languages .
3.直接引语和间接引语的转换。
4.写成绩报告单，并能将自己的成绩报告给他人。
Important and difficult points (教学重难点)
1.个人Report card 的写作。
2.直接引语转换间接引语中，注意一些关键动词的变化和人称代词的变化。(宾语从句)
Teaching aids(教具)：teaching cards , pictures and a tape recorder .
第一课时
Teaching contents(教学内容)
SectionA 1a,1b,1c,2a,2b,2c,Grammar focus .
Teaching procedures(教学步骤) :
Step 1 Leading in(导入话题，激活背景知识)
Ask several Ss what they are going to do after school .Write their sentences on the Bb .
Step 2 Pre-task(任务前活动)
Say, These Ss talk about what they are going to do after school ,if you want to tell a friend what they said ,how would you tell him ?
Write the words “He said” and “She said” on the Bb .Say,We can use the words “He said” and “She said” to tell your friend like this :He/She said he/she was going to play basketball after school .Get the Ss to repeat .
Repeat this process with the other sentences on the Bb .
Step 3 While-task(任务中活动)SB Page 26 , 1a .
1.Ask a student to read the four questions .
2.point out the TV screens in the picture .Ask one student to read what the person says in the first picture .Then ask another student :What did she/he say ? Help to answer :She/He said she/he was having a surprise party for Lana on Friday night .
3.Repeat with the other pictures .
SB Page 26 , 1c .Pairwork.First Ss work in pairs ,then ask some pairs to present their dialogues to the class .
SB Page 26 , 1b .Play the recording and correct the answers .
Step 4 Post-task(任务后活动)SB Page 27 , 2a & 2b .
1.Ask several Ss to read these sentences .
2.Play the recording .Ss circle their answer . 3.Check the answers .
Step 5 Grammar Focus
1.Review the grammar box by ask Ss to say the statements .
2.Explain: In each case ,the direct speech talks about present situations and the reported speech talks about past situations .
Step 6 Homework(家庭作业)
用she/he said 将直接引语改为间接引语。
1. I am a clever girl . 2. I am having lunch at school .
3. I can dance well . 4. I play football every day .
5. I don’t like my younger brother .
教学后记:
第二课时
Teaching contents (教学内容):
SectionA 3a ,3b ,4 ,SectionB 2a ,2b ,2c .
Teaching procedures(教学步骤) :
Step 1 Leading in(导入话题，激活背景知识)
Check the Homework(家庭作业) .Ask several students to read their sentences to the class .
Step 2 Pre-task(任务前活动)SB Page 28 , 3a .
1.Read the article to the class .
2.Ask Ss to fill in the blanks on their own . 3.Correct the answers .
SB Page 28 , Part 4 .Ss work in groups of four to complete the role plays .Ask a few Ss to show their role plays to the class .
Step 3 While-task(任务中活动)SB Page 29 , 1a .
1.Read the sentences to the class and teach new words .Then ask Ss to check the sentences that are true for themselves .
2.Ask one student to read each sentence to the class and ask Ss to raise their hands if they checked that answer .
SB Page 29 , 2a & 2b .
1.Read the instructions to Ss .Make sure they know what to do .
2.Play the recording two or three times .Correct the answers .
Step 4 Post-task(任务后活动)SB Page 29 , 2c .
Pairwork . In pairs ,get Ss to choose a report card from activity 2b to talk about .Then ask some pairs to present their dialogues .
Step 5 Homework(家庭作业)
SB Page 28 , 3b .Ask Ss to write anything they want .
教学后记:
第三课时
课前准备：
教师：录音机，所学物品的图片。
学生：英语点金教练及相关的学习用具
Teaching contents(教学内容)
SectionB 3a , 3b , 3c , 4 , selfcheck .
Teaching procedures(教学步骤) :
Step 1 Leading in(导入话题，激活背景知识)
Check the Homework(家庭作业) .Ask several students to read their episodes to the class .
Step 2 Pre-task(任务前活动)SB Page 30 , 3a .
1.Read the instructions and ask Ss to read the letter on their own and write Alan’s name on his report in activity 2b .
2.Correct the answer .
SB Page 30 , 3b .
1.Get Ss to use the information from activity 2b to write a letter to a relative or a friend about their report cards .
2.Ask a student to read his or her completed letter to the class .Orally correct any mistakes .
Step 3 While-task(任务中活动)
SB Page 30 , 3c .Ask Ss to write their own report cards .While Ss work ,walk around and offer assistance if necessary .
SB Page 30 , Part 4 .
1.Get Ss to make up their teachers comments .
2.Pairwork. In pairs ,talk about their report cards .
3.Ask several pairs to share their conversations .
Step 4 Post-task(任务后活动)SB Page 31 ,Selfcheck ,Part 1.
1.Ask Ss to fill in the blanks on their own . 2.Correct the answers.
3.Have Ss make sentences with the words .
SB Page 31 , Selfcheck , Part 2 .
1.Ask Ss to read the story . 2.In pairs ,have Ss to make conversations according to the story .
3.Ask some Ss to share their conversations with the class .
Step 5 Homework(家庭作业)
Ask students to write their conversations on their exercise books .
教学后记:
第四课时
Teaching contents:
Reading :She said helping others changed her life .
Teaching procedures(教学步骤) :
Step 1 Leading in(导入话题，激活背景知识)
Ask Ss to think of people who need help and write some ideas .Then discuss with their partner .
Step 2 Pre-task(任务前活动)SB Page 32 , Section 2 .
1.Have Ss read the passage first for meaning .
2.Ask Ss to read it again and fill in the blanks .
3.Check the answers .
Step 3 While-task(任务中活动)
1.SB Page 33 , Section 3 , 3a .
(1).Ask Ss to read through again to find the relevant information for Yang Lei’s students .
(2).Ask Ss to complete the information under “you” , saying what is true for their own lives .
(3).Have Ss discuss their answers with their partner .
2.SB Page 33 , Section 3 , 3b . In pairs ,ask and answer the questions .
3.SB Page 33 , Section 3 , 3c .Have Ss write a summary of the reading and share the summaries in groups of five .
Step 4 Post-task(任务后活动)SB Page 33 , Section 4 .
1.Have a class discussion about the work each organization does .
2.Ask some Ss to say which organization they would like to work for and why .
Step 5 Homework(家庭作业)
Write the summary of the reading on their exercise books .
教学后记:
第五课时：测试课
一. 单项选择。
( )1. I ________ he ________ go there by himself.
A. think; won’t B. don’t think; will C. don’t think; is D. think; isn’t going to
( )2. The teacher told us the moon ________ around the earth.
A. went B. goes C. going D. move
( )3. DO you think _________ an English film tomorrow night?
A. is there B. there is going to be C. there is going to have D. will there be
( )4. Mary _______ my umbrella and she didn’t ________ it yet.
A. borrow; return B. borrowed; return C. borrow; return back D. borrowed; return back
( )5. I don’t know if she _______ tomorrow. If she ________ tomorrow, I’ll call you.
A. comes; comes B. comes; will come C. will come; comes D. will come; is coming
( )6. Do you think it is difficult _________?
A. study English well B. studies English well
C. studying English well D. to study English well
( )7. She told us things there were ________ better than before.
A. more B. much C. very D. nice and
( )8. ______ a librarian, what do you have to do every day?
A. Like B. As C. Because D. Since
( )9. Could you ________ me how to ________ it in Chinese?
A. say; speak B. speak; say C. tell; say D. say; tell
( )10. What happened ________ “Young Lives” last night?
A. on B. in C. to D. of
( )11. I finished my ________ exam last week.
A. end of year B. end of year’s C. end-of year’s D. end-of-year
( )12. I’m at Mary’s house ________ a homework project.
A. work on B. working on C. work D. working
二、用所给单词的.适当形式填空。
1. The ___________ (disappoint) result made him very sad.
2. You got the best. How __________ (luckily) you are!
3. Which do you like _________ (well), this one or that one?
4. He told us that there ________ (be) a wonderful party tomorrow afternoon.
5. What _______ you _______ (do) when your father came back home?
6. She said that the sun ________ (rise) in the east.
7. He often ________ (stand) in front of the library.
8. My mother _________ (come) to see me next week.
9. My grandpa is in hospital. He is __________(health).
10. He was born in ________ and he can speak _________. (Spain)
三、介词填空。
1. He told Judy that he would bring some books ________ her house _______ Wednesday night.
2. What are some things that happen _______ soap operas?
3. I’m better ________ listening than writing.
4. Please pass _______ this message ______ Ben, and then give his answer _______ me.
5. _______ ten years, he will be a doctor.
6. He said he would live _______ a space station.
7. I don’t want to talk _______ it ______ the phone.
8. What was the girl doing when the UFO took ________?
9. What will teenagers do _______ fun 10 years _______ now?
10. Teaching high school students in a poor mountain village may not sound _____ fun ___you.
四、用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1. Thank you for ______(help)me carry the basket.
2. Look! One of them ______(swim)in the lake.
3. ______(watch)TV too much is bad for your health.
4. ______(close)your eyes and listen to me.
5. Mother told her little son ______(not go)out the next day, because it would be windy.
6. Don’t sleep very late, you will be as ______(health)as I.
7. “Why are you late today? ”my father said ______(angry).
8. The room is ______(noise). I can’t hear anything.
9. As soon as I lay down, I fell ______(sleep)last night.
10. They come from Canada. They are ______(Canada).
五、句型转换。
1. Mary is good at music. (同义句) Mary _____ _______ _______ music.
2. He is very healthy. (同义句) He is ____ ______ _______.
3. I think it is a good idea. (否定句) I _____ _______ it’s a good idea.
4. He said I was hard-working. (划线提问) What _____ _____ ______?
5. My teacher was very angry with me. (同义句) My teacher was very ____ ______ me.
6. My sister said to me “I’m going to help you. ”(同义句)
一、语法：
1、一般过去时态。
2、反意疑问句。
3、感叹句。
4、介词in ,on和at的用法。
5、构词法：名词变形容词，形容词变副词。
6、邀请和应答。请求和许可。
7、一般将来时态。Will do 和be going to do的区别：二者都可以表示将来的动作或状态，有时可以互换，但又有区别。表示单纯将来的情况；Tom will visit you next week.或表示带有意愿色彩的将来；Don’t worry, I will help you with your English.或表示客观上必然发生的事；I will be twenty next year.或依据事实做出科学的推测，尤其是天气预报。The radio says it will be rainy at times.以上情况应用will结构。如下列句子，不宜用will替换： I am going to see him tomorrow.Tom is going to be a doctor when he grows up.The girl is going to be sick.She looks sad.I think it is going to rain soon.8、掌握一般将来时，现在进行时和一般过去时和一般现在时的区别。
二、知识点归纳：
1、remember记得，反义词为forget 【搭配】 remember to do sth.记得要做„别忘记要做„（某事没做）remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事（某事已做过）remember sth.记得某事
remember me to sb.请代我向„„问好
【拓展】 forget to do sth.忘记了去做某事（某事没做）forget doing sth.忘记曾经做过某事（事已做过，但忘记了）forget sth.忘记某事
【举例】Remember/Don’t forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room.出去时别忘了关灯。
I remember seeing him somewhere before.我记得曾在某地见过他。Please remember me to your parents.请代我向你的父母亲问好。I forgot to return the book to the library.我忘记将书还给图书馆了。I forgot returning the book to the library.我忘记曾将书还给图书馆了。
2、hope希望
【搭配】 hope to do sth.希望做某事I hope to see you soon.hope＋主谓句, 希望„„I hope you have a good time.I hope so.希望如此。
I hope not.我不希望如此。
3.a bit =a little 一点点，可用来修饰形容词或副词。I was a bit/ a little tired.A bit of 后接不可数名词，a bit of bread一点面包 not a bit表示“一点也不”；not a little表示“非常”
He is not a bit tired.他一点也不累He is not a little tired.他非常累。
4、look after„well=take good cake of 好好照顾
5、keep healthy 【搭配】 keep +形容词，保持某种状态I keep busy all the time.keep sb.＋形容词/介词„让某人保持„Please keep the door open.keep doing sth.坚持干某事Don’t keep asking so many questions.keep sb.doing sth.让某人一直干某事Don’t keep me waiting long.keep a diary坚持写日记He keeps a diary every day.keep animals饲养动物Farmers keep animals on the farm.6、grow up长大成人 He wants to be a teacher when he grows up.7、„ago一段时间+指以现在为终点多长时间以前，不能单独使用。before通常用在某个时间点之前，还可以单独使用。【举例】They came to China three years ago.They visited him before Wednesday.I remember reading the book before.8、enjoy喜欢，喜爱，相当于 like或 love 【搭配】 enjoy sth.喜欢„They enjoy Chinese food very much.enjoy doing sth.喜欢做„Do you enjoy listening to music? enjoy oneself=have a good time玩得愉快He enjoyed himself.9、how do you like„?=what do you think of„?你觉得„怎幺样？
10、be away=be out外出，不在
11、be away from school 离校，缺席He was away from school for two weeks.12、at the same time They got to the village at the same time.13、a moment ago=just now刚才，用于一般过去时态。
14、reply用做名词，答复 make a reply 作出答复,make no reply没有答复 reply 用做动词，回答reply to sb./sth.=answer sb.sth.please reply to/answer my question in English.15、sell sth, to sb.=sell sb.sth.卖给某人某物
He wants to sell his old bike to me=He wants to sell me his old bike.16、discuss business together一起谈生意
17、by the way顺便问一下By the way, why did you call me? 【拓展】 on the/one’s way to„在去某地的途中He is on his way to school.in a/the„way用„„方法Can you do it in the same way?
18、have a problem with„无法解决„„的毛病，相当于there is something wrong with„Do you have any problems with your TV set?
19、put„right使„„恢复正常 Can you put the clock right? 20、have a lot of fun（doing）玩得开心We had a lot of fun in the park.21、do/take exercise=do sports进行运动，锻炼
22、plan one’s work carefully精心计划工作
23、plan to do sth.计划做某事We are planning to start next week.24、make a plan for„为„制定计划You’d better make a plan for your study.25、drive to „=go to„by car开车去„He drives to work.drive sb.to„开车送某人去„He drives his son to school.26、have a rest=rest休息He had a rest for an hour=He rested for an hour.27、have a swim=go swimming游泳
28、go on a trip=have a trip 进行旅行He is going on a trip to Japan.【拓展】 go on with sth.= go on doing sth.继续干（同一件事）go on to do sth.继续干（另一件事）
【举例】After having a cup of tea, he went on with his work/working.He finished reading and went on to write his composition.29、ask sb.for help 向„„求助Why not ask the teacher for help? ask sb.a question向„„提问题
ask for sth.要某东西He came to ask for some water.ask sb.about sth.向„„询问有关„的情况 ask sb.（not）to do sth.请某人（不）做某事 He asked me about the weather in Hainan.Tom asked us to help him with his Chinese.30、go out for a walk=have a walk=take a walk散步
31、at breakfast早餐时He read morning paper at breakfast yesterday.32、say goodbye to向„„告别/辞行 say hello to向„„打招呼，向„„问好 say sorry to向„„道歉
say good morning to向„„问候早安 say thanks to向„„道谢
33、be useful to sb.对某人有用 English is useful to everyone.be useful for sth.对某物有用Sports and games are useful for health.34、have a good/bad/ poor memory有很好/很差/很糟糕的记忆力
35、all the time总是，一直，常和always做同义词组替换。
The boy helps the old man all the time=The boy always helps the old man.36、know everything about了解有关„„的一切 know nothing/little about对„„一无所知 know much/ a lot about 对„„了解很多
37、move to＋地点，迁往„，搬到„They moved to Paris last year.38、good luck to sb.with sth.祝某人走运/某事顺利 Good luck to you with your Chinese.39、at first=at the beginning起初，起先
40、主语＋find＋宾语＋名词/形容词/介词短语/动词ing形式 I find English hard.我觉得英语很难。
I found him a good student.我觉得他是个好学生。I found her in the classroom.我发现他在教室里。
I found a purse lying on the ground.我发现一个钱包躺在地上。
41、be in/at a meeting=have a meeting开会
42、give a concert举行音乐会They gave a concert last night.give a talk做一次演讲Mr.Lin gave us a talk yesterday.give sb.a call给„打电话please give me a call.go to a concert参加音乐会Thanks for asking me to the concert.be in/at a concert在音乐会上He wants to play in/at the concert.43、a visit to„去某地访问/参观Is this your first visit to China? be on a visit to„=be visiting在„访问They are on a visit to Beijing have/make/pay a visit to访问/参观He will pay a visit to England.visit 可以做及物动词visit China, visit the History Museum.，visit a friend
44、at that time在那时There was no hospital in the city at that time.45、more than＋数字=over＋数字，多于，超过，反义词为less than少于
46、in the middle of„在„„的中间He sits in the middle of the classroom.47、at the end of„在„„末（指时间），在„„的尽头（指地点）
We’ll have an exam at the end of this month.We met at the end of the street.48、in the end=at last=finally最后，终于They arrived there in the end.49、at the start of=at the beginning of„在„„开始（指时间）At the beginning of the class, we sang an English song.50、fall down（from）倒下，摔倒He fell down and broke his left leg.fall off从„„上掉下来The boy fell off the tree.fall into跌入（河，水中）He fell into the river./water fall ill患病He fell ill =was ill yesterday.51、sth.happen to sb.某人发生了某事；„„发生在某人身上
what happened to him yesterday?昨天他出什幺事了？
52、sb.happen to do sth.某人碰巧做某事
I happened to see him in the park.我碰巧在公园见到他。
53、have an accident 发生事故 have a little accident发生小事故
54、work out演算，解决work out the maths problem.Work it /them out.55、hurry to„=go to„in a hurry匆忙赶往„„
He hurried to school =He went to school in a hurry.56、play for a team=be on a team=be amember of a team„是„„的成员
He played for the children football team.=He was on the children football team=He was a member of the children football team.57、be famous for以„而着称/闻名Australia is famous for its sheep.be famous as以„的身份出名He is famous as a singer.58、marry sb.“娶某人” 或“嫁给某人”John married kate
59、marry sb.to sb.“把„嫁给„”He married his daughter to a rich man.be/get married to sb.“和„结婚”Peter got married to Joe last year.60、last long持续久will the bad weather last long? last for＋一段时间，持续„The meeting lasted for two hours.last from „to从„持续到„Winter last from Nov.to Jan.【拓展】last可做形容词，表示 最后的，与the连用the last three floors 刚过去的，不与the连用last night/year 61、heavily, heavy 形容雨、雪大，形容风大用strong, strongly 形容太阳照得猛烈用bright, brightly The rain/snow was heavy last night=It rained/snowed heavily last night.There was a strong wind=The wind blew strongly.Look!The sun is shining brightly.62、write down写下„„，记下„„，其中down是副词。
write down the new words=write the new words down.若是代词作宾语，只能放在动词和副词之间。write it/them down类似的短语还有：put on 穿上，上演take off 脱下turn on 打开（电器等）turn off 关掉 turn up调大（音量）turn down关小（音量）put away 把„收好take away拿走 give back 归还work out算出 ring up打电话给„ find out 查清，查明look up 查找throw away 丢掉think over 仔细考虑 pick up 捡起wake up把„弄醒 63、come out出来，出现，（花）开放The flowers start to come out in spring.【搭配】 come along一道走，一起来
come after 跟随，随„之后，相当于follow
come back回来
come up走近，靠近
come on表示说话人的一种催促、劝说、鼓励等“快”、“来吧” 64、at a bad/good time of year在一年中不好的/好的时节里
65、get “逐渐变得„” get＋天气，长短get warm/cold/long/short turn“变得„” turn＋颜色 turn green/yellow/red能用做联系动词的还有：look看起来显得„look worried ,taste尝起来„taste delicious, smell闻起来„smell good, sound听起来sound great, feel觉得„feel happy 66、the best time to do sth.做„的最好时间It’s the best time to say good bye.67、Late march 三月底early spring初春early in the morning清晨
68、look unlike 看起来不象 be the most like/unlike 最像/不像 The weather in China is the most unlike that in Australia.69、Autumn starts in Sep.and goes on to Nov.=Autumn lasts from Sep.to Nov.70、later on=at a later time过后，以后He’ll visit the Great Wall later on.71、do some reading读书After supper, I did some reading.in the north/south/east/west of„在„的北/南/东/西部，在其范围之内。
to the north/south/east/west of„在„以北/南/东/西，不在范围之内，也不接壤。on the north/south/east/west of„以„的北/南/东/西方，不在范围之内，接壤。Shanghai /Taiwan is in the east of China.上海在中国的东部。Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东部。
Russia is on the northeast of China.俄罗斯在中国的东北部。72、North China华北 South China华南
73、at times=sometimes时常，时而 It will be cloudy at times.74、There is a lot of sunshine=It is sunny.75、There will be a heavy rain=It will rain heavily.76、stay above zero保持0度以上 fall below zero下降到0度以下 77、ring up给„打电话Peter rang me up just now.【拓展】表示“打电话”的用语 telephone / phone / call sb.give sb.a call / ring make a telephone / phone call to sb.78、in the daytime/day 在白天The temperature will stay above zero in the day.79、at night在夜里（下午6点至午夜）We stay in the open air at night.80、in the night在夜间The temperature will fall below zero in the night.81、on the night of„特指在某晚上It happened on the night of Nov.20th.82、The rain / snow will stop later on=It will stop raining / snowing.83、It’s good / better / best to do sth.最好做某事
【举例】It’s good to do morning exercises early in the morning.It’s better to do more speaking if you learn English.【搭配】 be good for„对„有好处，适宜于„
be good to sb.对某人友好，相当于be kind /friendly to sb.be good at sth./ doing sth擅长于（做）某事，相当于do well in 84、weather report for some cities across the world世界各大城市的天气预报 85、weather report for the next 24 hours未来24小时天气预报（注意介词for）86、make / give a report做报告make a weather report for today.87、report „„to 向„„报告I’ll report you to the headmaster.88、be sure相信，有把握
【搭配】 be sure to do sth.“一定会„，肯定会„”表示说话人对句子主语的推测和判断。be sure of sth./ doing sth.“相信”，“有把握”，表示句子主语自信或对某事有把握。be sure ＋从句，表示句中主语对某事有把握 I am sure（that）he will succeed=He is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。He is sure of success.他自信会成功。
Be sure to do sth.的祈使句表说话人向对方提出要求，“务必”“一定要”.Be sure to come to school earlier tomorrow.明天务必早点来学校。89、invite sb.邀请某人
invite sb.to somewhere邀请某人去某地He invited me to her party.invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事He invited me to have dinner.90、go to the cinema=go to see a film去看电影
91、hold on=hold on a minute=wait a moment=a moment=hold the line a second.92、right now=at the moment此刻，现在
93、take a message for sb.为某人捎口信Can I take a message for you? 94、leave a message 留言Please leave a message.请留言。95、give sb.the message=give the message to sb.把口信给某人 96、sth.be ready某事已准备好了Supper is ready.be / get ready for sth.为„„作准备I’m getting ready for the final exam.be ready to do sth.“准备做某事,乐意做某事”He’s ready to help others.get sth.ready 把„„准备好you must get your football shoes ready.97、There is no time / a little time / some time / enough time to do sth.没有时间 / 有点时间 / 些时间 /足够的时间去做某事。There is a little time for us to havelunch=We have a little time to have lunch.我们还有一点时间吃午饭。98、be the same as和„„相同，反义词组是be different from English names are different from Chinese names=English names are not the same as Chinese names.99、【搭配】 turn „over 翻转，把„„翻过来 turn on 打开（电器，煤气等）turn off关掉（电器，煤气等）turn down 关小、降低音量 turn up 调大音量
turn right/left 向右 / 左转
【举例】Turn over the stone and you’ll find something under the stone He turned on the radio and listened to the weather report.Please remember to turn off the lights when you go out.The recorder is too noisy.Turn it down, please.Turn right / left at the second crossing=Take the second turning on the right / left.100、ask /tell sb.（not）to do sth.请求 / 叫某人（不）做某事。101、think hard苦苦思索He thought hard, then he had an idea.think about考虑，思考I’m thinking about what to talk about.think of考虑，关心，想起I can’t think of your name.think over仔细思考Please think it over before you write.think highly of高度评价He thought highly of what you did.102、be late for sth.晚了，迟了„He was late for the meeting yesterday.be late for doing sth.做„„迟了He was late for catching the bus.103、show可做名词，“展览，演出”，也做动词，“出示，给„„看，说明”
be on show陈列着，展览中His pictures will be on show next month.a dolphin show海豚展览I’d like to see the dolphin show
show sb sth=show sth.to sb..出示给„„Please show me your pass.show sb.around领某人参观„Please show me around your school.show sb.how to do sth.指导„怎样做He showed me how to drive a car.show +从句The picture shows what Bob did yesterday.104、be away from school 离校，缺课I was away from school for two weeks.105、how long /how often /how soon / how far / how many times /how heavy… 【比较】 how long表某一动作状态持续“多久，多长时间” for＋段时间
how often 表频率“多长时间一次” once /twice a week, sometimes how soon 表示“将过多久之后”答语是 in ＋一段时间 how far问路途有“多远”答语是two kilometers等
how many times询问“多少次”答语是once, twice, three times等 【举例】How long will you stay here? About two hours.How often do you go to the cinema? Once a week How soon will your parents come back? They’ll be back in two weeks.How many times have you been to the cinema this week? Twice.106、数字＋more＋名词，表示“再„„，又„„”
I’ll write two more letters.=I’ll write another two letters.我将再写两封信。Would you like some more tea? No more.你还需要再添一些茶吗？不再需要。107、I hope everything goes well.=I hope everything is OK.希望一切顺利！108、help oneself to„随便吃点/喝点„Help yourselves to some fish, children.help oneself 随便用„－May I use your pen?－Help yourself.请随便用 109、put on“上演，穿衣”We’ll put on plays, too.我们也上演戏剧。put up举起，建起Put up your hand if you have any questions.put down放下Put down the bag on the floor.put away把„收拾好It’s hot now, please put away your sweater.put into放进，译成Put these sentences into Chinese.把句子译成中文。
1.温度
⑴温度是表示物体冷热程度的物理量。
⑵常见的温度计原理：根据液体热胀冷缩的性质。
⑶规定：把大气压为1.01×10＾5时冰水混合物的温度规定为0度，沸水的温度规定为100度，在0度到100度之间分成100等份，每一等份称为1摄氏度，表示为1℃。
⑷温度计的测量范围：35℃——42℃。
⑸温度的国际单位是：开尔文(K),单位是摄氏度(℃)。
2.熔化
⑴熔化：物质用固态变为液态的过程，叫做熔化。
⑵熔化的过程中吸热。
⑶常见的晶体是：海波、冰、食盐和各种金属。
⑷常见的非晶体是：蜂蜡、松青、沥青、玻璃。
⑸晶体熔化过程中吸热，温度保持不变。
⑹同一晶体，熔点和凝固点相同。
⑺熔化现象：
①医生有时要对发高烧的病人做“冷敷”治疗，用胶袋装着质量相等的0℃的水或0℃的冰对病人进行冷敷，哪一种效果好些？为什么？
答：用0℃的冰效果好，因为0℃的冰在熔化时吸热但温度保持不变，比0℃的水多一个吸热的过程，可吸收更多的热量。
3.凝固
⑴凝固：物质由液态变为固态的过程，叫做凝固。
⑵凝固的过程中放热。
⑶晶体凝固过程中放热，温度保持不变。
⑷凝固现象：
①寒冷的地方，冬天贮藏蔬菜的菜窖里常放几大桶水，这是为什么？
答：因为水在凝固时放出大量的热，可以加热窖内的空气，是菜窖内的空气温度不致降得太低，而把蔬菜冻坏。
②在寒冷的冬天，用手去摸室外的金属，有时会发生粘手的现象，好像金属表面有一层胶，而在同样的环境下，用手去摸木头，却不会发生粘手现象，这是为什么？
答：在寒冷的冬天，室外金属的温度很低，若手上比较潮湿，此时去摸金属，手上水分的热很快传递给金属，水温急剧下降，很快降到0℃而凝固，在手与金属之间形成极薄的一层冰，从而降手粘在金属上。而在同样的条件下用手去摸木头，则不会发生上述情况。当手接触木头时，虽然木头也要从手上吸热，但因木头是热的不良导体，吸收的热不会迅速传到木头的其他部分，手的温度不会明显降低，所以手上的水分就不会凝固了。
4.汽化
⑴汽化：物质由液态变为气态的过程，叫做汽化。
⑵汽化的两种方式：①蒸发②沸腾
⑶蒸发：蒸发是在液体表面上进行的汽化现象。
它在任何温度下都能发生。
⑷影响蒸发快慢的因素：
液体的表面越大，蒸发越快；液体的温度越高，蒸发越快；液体表面附近的空气流动越快，蒸发越快。
⑸沸腾：沸腾是一种在液体表面和内部同时进行的剧烈的汽化现象。
⑹沸腾的过程中吸热，温度保持不变。
⑺沸点与气压的关系：液体表面上的气压越小，沸点越低；气压越大，沸点越高。
⑻水的沸点：100℃
⑼汽化现象：
①有些水果和蔬菜常用纸或塑料袋包装起来，并放入冰箱或冷藏室中，这样做的目的是什么？
答：目的是为了减少水果和蔬菜中水分的蒸发。这是因为用纸或塑料包装起来后，减少了外面空气的接触面，使蒸发速度减慢；把水果或蔬菜放入冰箱或冷藏室使液体温度降低，可以使蒸发变慢。
②盛暑季节，人们常在地上洒水，这样就感到凉爽了，为什么？
答：地面上的水蒸发时，要从周围空气吸收热量，使空气温度降低，所以人会感到凉爽。
③用纸做的“锅”在火上给水加热，不一会，水就会沸腾了，而纸锅不会烧着，为什么？
答：当纸锅里放进水以后，蜡烛或酒精邓放出的热，主要被水吸走，这些热量使纸锅和水的温度不断升高，当温度达到水的沸点时，水便沸腾了，水在沸腾时，还要吸收大量的热，这些热使100℃的水变成100℃的水蒸气，但是没有使水的温度再升高，总保持在100℃，这样，水就保护了纸锅的燃点远高于水的沸点，温度达不到燃点，纸就不会燃烧。
④为了确定风向，可以把手臂进入水中，然后向上举起手臂，手臂的哪一面感到凉，风就是从那一面吹来的，使说明理由。
解：风吹来的那一面，手臂上的水蒸发得快些，从手臂吸收的热量多，手臂的这一面就会感到凉，就知道风是从这一面吹来的。
⑤能否用酒精温度计研究水的沸腾？为什么？
解：如果酒精温度计的最大测量值低于100℃，不能用酒精温度计研究水的沸腾，因为在标准大气压下，酒精的沸点是78.5℃，水的沸点是100℃，超过了酒精温度计的最大测量值，若把酒精温度计放入沸水中，玻璃泡中的酒精就会沸腾，使温度计受到损坏。如果酒精温度计的最大测量值大于或等于100℃(在制造温度计时，增大酒精液面上的压强，使酒精的沸点高于或等于100℃)，就可以用酒精温度计研究水的沸腾了。
5.液化
⑴液化：物质由气态变为液态的过程，叫做液化。(放热)
⑵液化的两种方法：①降低气体温度②压缩气体体积
⑶液化现象：
①夏季闷热的夜晚，紧闭门窗，开启卧室空调，由于室内外温差大，第二天早晨，玻璃窗上常常会出现一层水雾。这层水雾是在室内一侧，还是在室外一侧？请写出你的猜想及依据。
猜想：在室外一侧
依据：夏天开启空调后，室外温度高于室内温度，室外空气中的水蒸气，遇到较冷的玻璃时，放出热量，液化成小水滴，附在玻璃的外侧。
6.升华
⑴升华：物质由固态直接变为气态的过程，叫做升华。
⑵升华的过程中吸热。
⑶升华现象：
①人工降雨是用飞机在空中喷洒干冰(固态二氧化碳)。干冰在空气中迅速吸热升华，使空气温度急剧下降，空气中的水蒸气遇冷凝华成小冰粒，冰粒逐渐变大而下落，下落过程中熔化成水滴，水滴降落就形成了雨。
7.凝华：
⑴凝华：物质由气态变为固态的过程，叫做凝华。
⑵凝华过程中放热。
⑶凝华现象：
①请你解释俗语“霜前冷，雪后寒”。
解：霜是水蒸气向外放热凝华形成的，而空气中的水蒸气向外放热的条件必须是气温低，所以霜形成前一定是低气温，即“霜前冷”。而大雪后，雪会熔化或升华，这都需要从空气中吸收热量，使气温下降，因此人会感到寒冷，所以“雪后寒”。
9.补充题：
⑴三支温度计，甲的测量范围是-20℃～100℃，乙的测量范围是-30℃～50℃，丙的测量范围是35℃～42℃。由此可知甲是__________，乙是___________，丙是___________。
⑵把一勺子水泼到烧红的铁块上，听到一声响并看到有“白气”冒出，在这一过程中所发生的物态变化有___________、___________。
⑶在旱情严峻的时期，为了缓解旱情，可以采取人工降雨的方法，即让执行任务的飞机在高空中撒一些干冰，当干冰进入云层时，很快___________为气体，从周围空气中___________大量的热，使周围空气的温度急剧下降，使空中的水蒸气遇冷___________成一些小冰粒，这些冰粒逐渐变大下降。在下落过程中遇到暖气流就___________成雨落到地面上。(填写合适的物态变化名称和需要具备的条件)
⑷寒冷的冬天室外气温是-25℃，河面结了一层厚冰，那么冰层的上表面温度和下表面温度及深水处的温度分别是()
A.-25℃，-25℃，-25℃ B.都低于-25℃ C.-25℃，0℃，0℃ D.-25℃，0℃，4℃
⑸我国南方有一种用陶土做成的凉水壶，夏天把开水放入壶里，壶里的水很快就凉了下来。而且陶土壶中的水的温度比气温还低。这是为什么呢？
答案：⑴实验室用温度计寒暑表体温计
⑵汽化液化
⑶升华吸收凝华熔化
⑷D
⑸当水盛入陶土壶中时，水会渗出来，在壶的外表面蒸发。蒸发会从周围或液体所附着的物体上吸收热量，使周围或所附着的物体温度下降，所以水温很快会降下来。当水温与外界气温相同时，壶的外表仍然会有水渗出来，继续蒸发使水温继续降低，所以，壶中的水会保持一个较低的温度。第一章机械能
1.一个物体能够做功，这个物体就具有能(能量)。
2.动能：物体由于运动而具有的能叫动能。
3.运动物体的速度越大，质量越大，动能就越大。
4.势能分为重力势能和弹性势能。
5.重力势能：物体由于被举高而具有的能。
6.物体质量越大，被举得越高，重力势能就越大。
7.弹性势能：物体由于发生弹性形变而具的能。
8.物体的弹性形变越大，它的弹性势能就越大。
9.机械能：动能和势能的统称。(机械能=动能+势能)单位是：焦耳
10.动能和势能之间可以互相转化的。方式有：动能重力势能；动能弹性势能。
11.自然界中可供人类大量利用的机械能有风能和水能。
第二章分子运动论初步知识
1.分子运动论的内容是：(1)物质由分子组成；(2)一切物体的分子都永不停息地做无规则运动。(3)分子间存在相互作用的引力和斥力。
2.扩散：不同物质相互接触，彼此进入对方现象。
3.固体、液体压缩时分子间表现为斥力大于引力。固体很难拉长是分子间表现为引力大于斥力。
4.内能：物体内部所有分子做无规则运动的动能和分子势能的总和叫内能。(内能也称热能)
5.物体的内能与温度有关：物体的温度越高，分子运动速度越快，内能就越大。
6.热运动：物体内部大量分子的无规则运动。
7.改变物体的内能两种方法：做功和热传递，这两种方法对改变物体的内能是等效的。
8.物体对外做功，物体的内能减小；外界对物体做功，物体的内能增大。
9.物体吸收热量，当温度升高时，物体内能增大；物体放出热量，当温度降低时，物体内能减小。
10.所有能量的单位都是：焦耳。
11.热量(Q)：在热传递过程中，传递能量的多少叫热量。(物体含有多少热量的说法是错误的)
12.比热(C)：单位质量的某种物质温度升高(或降低)1℃，吸收(或放出)的热量叫做这种物质的比热。(物理意义就类似这样回答)
13.比热是物质的一种属性，它不随物质的体积、质量、形状、位置、温度的改变而改变，只要物质相同，比热就相同。
14.比热的单位是：焦耳/(千克?℃)，读作：焦耳每千克摄氏度。
15.水的比热是：C=4.2×103焦耳/(千克?℃)，它表示的物理意义是：每千克的水当温度升高(或降低)1℃时，吸收(或放出)的热量是4.2×103焦耳。
16.热量的计算：
① Q吸=cm(t-t0)=cm△t升(Q吸是吸收热量，单位是焦耳；c是物体比热，单位是：焦/(千克?℃)；m是质量；t0是初始温度；t是后来的温度。
② Q放=cm(t0-t)=cm△t降
③ Q吸= Q放(※关系式)
17.能量守恒定律：能量既不会消灭，也不会创生，它只会从一种形式转化为其他形式，或者从一个物体转移到另一个物体，而在转化和转移过程中，能量的总量保持不变。
第三章内能的利用热机
1.燃烧值(q)：1千克某种燃料完全燃烧放出的热量，叫燃烧值。单位是：焦耳/千克。
2.燃料燃烧放出热量计算：Q放=qm；(Q放是热量，单位是：焦耳；q是燃烧值，单位是：焦/千克；m是质量，单位是：千克。
3.利用内能可以加热，也可以做功。
4.内燃机可分为汽油机和柴油机，它们一个工作循环由吸气、压缩、做功和排气四个冲程。一个工作循环中对外做功1次，活塞往复2次，曲轴转2周。
5.热机的效率：用来做有用功的那部分能量和燃料完全燃烧放出的能量之比，叫热机的效率。的热机的效率是热机性能的一个重要指标
6.在热机的各种损失中，废气带走的能量最多，设法利用废气的能量，是提高燃料利用率的重要措施。光的反射
1.光源：能够发光的物体叫光源。
2.光的直线传播：光在均匀介质中是沿直线传播。
3.光在真空中传播速度最大，是3×108米/秒，而在空气中传播速度也认为是3×108米/秒。
4.我们能看到不发光的物体是因为这些物体反射的光射入了我们的眼睛。
5.光的反射定律：反射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上，反射光线与入射光线分居法线两侧，反射角等于入射角。(注：光路是可逆的)
入射光线法线反射光线
镜面
6.漫反射和镜面反射一样遵循光的反射定律。
7.平面镜成像特点：(1)像与物体大小相同(2)像到镜面的距离等于物体到镜面的距离(3)像与物体的连线与镜面垂直(4)平面镜成的是虚像。
8.平面镜应用：(1)成像(2)改变光路。
第六章光的折射
1.光的折射：光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时，传播方向一般发生变化的现象。
2.光的折射规律：光从空气斜射入水或其他介质，折射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上；折射光线和入射光线分居法线两侧，折射角小于入射角；入射角增大时，折射角也随着增大；当光线垂直射向介质表面时，传播方向不改变。(折射光路也是可逆的)
3.凸透镜：中间厚边缘薄的透镜，它对光线有会聚作用，所以也叫会聚透镜。
4.凸透镜成像：
(1)(2)(3)F F(1/)(2/)f
(1)物体在二倍焦距以外(u>2f)，成倒立、缩小的
实像(像距：f(2)物体在焦距和二倍焦距之间(f2f)。如幻灯机。(3)物体在焦距之内(u
5.光路图：
6.作光路图注意事项：
(1).要借助工具作图；(2)是实际光线画实线，不是实际光线画虚线；(3)光线要带箭头，光线与光线之间要连接好，不要断开；(4)作光的反射或折射光路图时，应先在入射点作出法线(虚线)，然后根据反射角与入射角或折射角与入射角的关系作出光线；(5)光发生折射时，处于空气中的那个角较大；(6)平行主光轴的光线经凹透镜发散后的光线的反向延长线一定相交在虚焦点上；(7)平面镜成像时，反射光线的反向延长线一定经过镜后的像；(8)画透镜时，一定要在透镜内画上斜线作阴影表示实心。
简单机械
1.杠杆：一根在力的作用下能绕着固定点转动的硬棒就叫杠杆。
2.什么是支点、动力、阻力、动力臂、阻力臂？
(1)支点：杠杆绕着转动的点(o)
(2)动力：使杠杆转动的力(F1)
(3)阻力：阻碍杠杆转动的力(F2)
(4)动力臂：从支点到动力的作用
线的距离(L1)。
(5)阻力臂：从支点到阻力作用线的距离(L2)
3.杠杆平衡的条件:动力×动力臂=阻力×阻力臂.或写作：F1L1=F2L2或写成。这个平衡条件也就是阿基米德发现的杠杆原理。
4.三种杠杆：
(1)省力杠杆：L1>L2,平衡时F1
力，但费距离。(如剪铁剪刀，铡刀，起子)(2)费力杠杆：L1F2。特点是费
力，但省距离。(如钓鱼杠，理发剪刀等)
(3)等臂杠杆：L1=L2,平衡时F1=F2。特点是既不省力，也不费力。(如：天平)
5.定滑轮特点：不省力，但能改变动力的方向。(实质是个等臂杠杆)
6.动滑轮特点：省一半力，但不能改变动力方向，要费距离.(实质是动力臂为阻力臂二倍的杠杆)
7.滑轮组：使用滑轮组时,滑轮组用几段绳子吊着物体,提起物体所用的力就是物重的几分之一。
第十四章功
1.功的两个必要因素：一是作用在物体上的力；二是物体在力的方向上通过的距离。
2.功的计算：功(W)等于力(F)跟物体在力的方向上通过的距离(s)的乘积。(功=力×距离)
3.功的公式：W=Fs；单位：W→焦；F→牛顿；s→米。(1焦=1牛?米).4.功的原理：使用机械时，人们所做的功，都等于不用机械而直接用手所做的功，也就是说使用任何机械都不省功。
5.斜面：FL=Gh或。斜面长是斜面高的几倍，推力就是物重的几分之一。(螺丝也是斜面的一种)
6.机械效率：有用功跟总功的比值叫机械效率。
计算公式：
7.功率(P)：单位时间(t)里完成的功(W)，叫功率。
新课程提出基础教育阶段英语课程的任务是:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣, 使学生树立自信心, 养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略, 发展自主学习的能力和合作精神;使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能, 形成一定的综合语言运用能力;培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神;帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异, 拓展视野, 培养爱国主义精神, 形成健康的人生观, 为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。
学生的发展是英语课程的出发点和归宿。英语课程重在目标设定。教学过程、课程评价和教学资源的开发等方面都突出以学生为主体的思想。课程实施应成为学生在教师指导下构建知识、提高技能、磨砺意志、活跃思维、展现个性、发展心智和拓展视野的过程。在复习阶段也一样要重视学生的学习过程。
初中阶段的最后一个学期有三个多月的复习时间。传统的一贯做法是进行三轮复习。第一轮是分册复习, 第二轮是语法知识条目的专项系统复习, 第三轮是各种题型的强化训练, 最后进行综合模拟考试训练。通过这三轮复习, 学生在夯实基础的前提条件下, 通过强化训练来进一步提高应试能力。但同时, 随着时代在发展, 尤其是学生的发展, 传统的复习模式已经凸显出一些弊端和问题。这种三轮复习法基本上是以教师为主导, 学生只能被动接受, 不能激发学生的求知欲和学习兴趣。因此, 我认为在新课程背景下, 初中英语复习阶段的教学应该对以往传统的复习教学策略进行一些改进。我们应该从学生的实际情况出发, 设定更为符合学生发展情况的复习教学目标, 根据目标来制定更加有效的复习教学策略。
二、应该如何改进初中英语复习教学策略
首先, 要分析学生情况, 了解学生在英语学习中知识和运用能力方面的薄弱和欠缺方面, 做到有的放矢, 并进行及时的查漏补缺。通过对学生的学业考试适应性测试, 我发现大部分学生失分题集中在词汇运用和书面表达以及单项选择题和完形填空题的稍难题上。词汇运用题错误主要在单词拼写错误和单词形式转换的错误两个方面。体现了学生在语法知识的运用上还存在一知半解的情况, 也就是对语法知识的系统性理解不够, 平时在运用英语时语法意识不强;在书面表达中的失分情况表现在语法错误、单词拼写错误和中国式英语等现象;在综合运用题—完形填空题答题错误可能是由于学生对有些偏僻词和相似词的理解运用不到位造成的。
然后制定复习教学总目标。针对学生情况分析, 我制定的复习教学目标是:
(1) 通过为期两个月的总复习, 让大部分有意愿学好英语的学生熟练掌握并运用语法基础知识, 形成从语音、词汇、句子到语篇的较为完整的语言知识体系。
(2) 让学生养成主动学习, 掌握知识梳理的习惯。
(3) 使学生的英语听说读写在原来的水平上提高一个档次。
接下来就是制定具体的措施。首先是选好复习用书。我们学校统一使用《温州市初中毕业生学业考试复习导引》, 另外再配套做一份练习。选好复习用书后, 要针对学生的情况, 制订了具体的复习计划。因为分册复习的意义不大, 所以我把复习阶段从以前的三轮复习减少为两轮复习——第一轮进行语法词汇复习, 第二轮进行各种题型的强化训练。由于我的学生的弱点在于语法和词汇, 我的复习重点就在于语法和词汇复习。词汇复习的具体做法是:
第一步先从语音开始。为了让学生做到发音标准, 我从音标教学开始, 让学生重温单词的构成规律, 根据单词的发音规则来记忆单词;
第二步对复习导引要求掌握的单词进行常规化的单词听写抽查练习。对于学生还没能记住的单词, 要求每天练习抄写3遍;
第三步让学生进行词汇运用的模拟练习, 要求学生根据句意和中文提示用单词的适当形式填写单词。
课堂教学以语法复习为主。课前要求学生先自行阅读导引上的语法项目, 然后老师以表格形式来进行对学生预习情况进行提问检查。目的在于对学生进行语法知识的系统化整理, 同时进行查漏补缺。如在复习语法名词时:我出的预习问题:
(1) 名词分几类?
(2) 可数名词如何表达数量?不可数名词如何表示数量?
(3) 复数名词所有格如何表示?等。
先让学生思考后回答, 回答不完整或不知道的问题, 再由老师详细讲解, 并让学生进行相应的练习。学生做练习时, 先让学生单独完成, 再让他们互相校对答案。然后学生小组讨论, 把分歧较多的题目上报给老师。老师把问题说出来, 然后问班里是否有同学知道该题的解题思路和知识点, 最后再进行归纳总结。在第一轮的语法复习之后, 要进行第二轮的各种题型强化训练。在题型训练时, 着重培养学生的综合运用语言能力和答题技巧。同时也要根据学生对各种题型的答题情况, 重点讲解学生易错的题型特点, 并进行强化练习。
三、总结
通过选好复习用书, 分析学生情况并针对学生情况制定总的复习教学目标, 做到有的放矢;在复习教学过程中先让学生自己自行复习, 然后根据学生自主复习的问题反馈, 进行及时的查漏补缺, 把复习教学中的主动权还给学生, 教师作为一个学生复习学习中的顾问和辅助者, 帮助学生构建知识网络, 提高综合运用英语语言知识的能力。通过对复习教学策略的调整, 我的学生在复习课上学习的积极性大大提高, 主动学习的氛围也因此形成, 而我也从中体会到改进教学带来的快乐。
摘要：新课程初中阶段的最后一个学期的教学工作中, 复习教学占了很大一部分。本文通过对传统的复习教学中存在的问题及笔者在实际的教学中所采取的一些改进措施, 探讨在新课程背景下更为有效的复习教学策略。
（ ）1. —Dad， we can____________sports in school an hour a day now.
—Really？ That sounds great.
A. play B. to play C. plays D. playing
（ ）2. —How many teachers are there in your school？
—About four____________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundreds of D. hundred of
（ ）3. She often____________a train to school； sometimes she goes to school____________bus.
A. takes； takes B. by； by C. by； takes D. takes； by
（ ）4. Our teacher is very strict____________us____________our homework.
A. in； in B. with； in C. in； with D. with； with
（ ）5. The movie is____________， and we are really very____________when we see it.
A. relaxing； relaxing B. relaxing； relaxed
C. relaxed； relaxed D. relaxed； relaxing
（ ）6. —Why do you look so unhappy， Mike？
—Im hungry， mom. I would like____________a large bowl of dumplings with eggs and tomatoes.
A. to have B. have C. having D. had
（ ）7. —What did you do last weekend？
—I went to visit my friend Lin Tao____________the morning of last Sunday.
A. on B. in C. for D. at
（ ）8. —Did you see the kids____________on the playground this afternoon？
—No， I was in my office all the afternoon.
A. to play B. plays C. play D. played
（ ）9. —Whats Jim doing over there？
—He is____________his lost keys.
A. looking for B. finding C. looking at D. looking after
（ ）10. —Did you enjoy your trip？
—Yes， it was____________！
A. awful B. terrible C. boring D. great
（ ）11. —Is the boy____________？
—Yes， he cant find his way home.
A. happy B. late C. cool D. lost
（ ）12. —Your words made me feel____________again. Thank you.
—Im happy I can give some help.
A. tired B. nice C. sorry D. sad
（ ）13. They are too tired. They decide____________now.
A. to go longer B. to stop to work
C. not to have a rest D. to stop working
（ ）14. Oh， dear！The shop is____________. There are so many people here.
A. empty B. sunny C. crowded D. big
（ ）15. —I dont like mutton____________beef.
—I dont like mutton， I like beef a lot.
A. and； but B. and； and C. or； but D. or； and
二、完形填空。
There was a little poor boy in a small village. He lived 1 his mother. His mother had to
work all day. In the morning she 2 cakes. In the evening she was back home with some
3 .
One day she was ill in bed， 4 she gave the box to her son and said， “There are one
hundred cakes in the box. Go to the park with these cakes and sell them all. Now 5 ， come back early 6 you sell them.”
There were a lot of people. The boy got to the 7 ， opened the box and cried， “Cakes！ Cakes！ The most delicious cakes in the world.” A woman had a cake. “Oh， its really 8 ！” Then many people near came to 9 them. Some wanted three and others wanted five. After a little time， there were not any cakes in the box， but one hundred 10 in it. How happy the boy was！
（ ）1. A. with B. like C. at D. from
（ ）2. A. had B. ate C. made D. got
（ ）3. A. cakes B. food C. children D. money
（ ）4. A. because B. so C. but D. after
（ ）5. A. look B. see C. listen D. hear
（ ）6. A. and B. so C. after D. before
（ ）7. A. park B. street C. village D. cakes
（ ）8. A. bad B. terrible C. awful D. delicious
（ ）9. A. eat B. buy C. sell D. take
（ ）10. A. coins B. cakes C. boxes D. people
三、阅读理解。
A
I really enjoyed this movie. Its a fun movie for the whole family. I had really good laughs and enjoyed being there. —James
I would recommend （推荐） this movie to everyone. Whether you go with family or friends， I honestly think this movie has something you will really enjoy！ —Sam
Ive seen several movies of this kind， but this one is the best. It is so well made—some of the scenes are so beautiful. —John
I went to see this movie with my 9-year-old daughter this Tuesday， really without knowing too much about it. My daughter and I were pleasantly surprised at how funny it was. We just couldnt help laughing. I would recommend this movie to the whole family. —Mary
（ ）1. From the passage， we can tell that is spoken in the movie.
A. Chinese B. English C. Japanese D. French
（ ）2. The poster shows that the movie lasts .
A. 25 minutes B. 60 minutes C. 85 minutes D. 125 minutes
（ ）3. John likes the movie because of .
A. the funny actors B. the wonderful music
C. the sweet voices D. the beautiful scenes
（ ）4. Mary and her daughter spent watching the movie.
A. $30 B. $40 C. $45 D. $60
（ ）5. According to the passage， the movie most probably tells a story.
A. funny B. sad C. terrible D. true
B
We had a terrible school trip last week. Some students were late. Then we waited half an hour for the school bus， but it didnt arrive. Finally， our teacher took us to take the subway. It took over an hour. When we arrived at the zoo， we were all tired and hungry. We wanted to see dolphins， but there werent any. There were some really smart seals （海豹）， but we didnt see the show because we arrived too late. We forgot our cameras， so we didnt take any photos. Then it started to rain， and no one had an umbrella. We didnt see many animals because of the rain. So we went for lunch. We ate hamburgers. My friends also had some ice cream. But I didnt have any， because I dont like it. I wanted French fries， but there werent any in the shop. They were sold out！Finally we went back to school. We were wet， tired and stressed out. I didnt enjoy my school trip at all.
（ ）6. Why did the teacher take the students to take the subway？
A. Because the students didnt want to have the trip.
B. Because the school bus didnt arrive.
C. Because the students didnt like taking the school bus.
D. Because the students didnt take cameras.
（ ）7. The students were when they arrived at the zoo.
A. excited B. happy C. tired D. lucky
（ ）8. What animal show was there at the zoo？
A. Dolphin show. B. Seal show. C. Monkey show. D. Panda show.
（ ）9. How was the weather after they arrived at the zoo？
A. Sunny. B. Cloudy. C. Windy. D. Rainy.
（ ）10. What did the writer think of the school trip？
A. Terrible. B. Great. C. Not bad. D. Fun.
C
I went home one Saturday afternoon in the autumn of 1993 to get some work done in the garden. While sweeping leaves on the ground， my five-year-old son Nick came over and asked me to write something on a piece of paper to make a sign for him.
“What for？” I asked.
“Im going to sell some of my stones，” he answered.
Nick was fascinated with stones and had collected many stones （石头） from all over. “Im too busy to do that for you. Go and ask your mum for help，” I said.
A short time later， Nick returned with a sign， reading. “Stones One Dollar Each”. He took the sign， a small chair and 4 of his best stones and walked to the road in front of our garden. There he put the stones in a line and sat down on the chair.
After half an hour， nobody passed by. I walked to him and asked him to go back， but he didnt.
Another half hour later， a small car came down the road. I watched as Nick stood up， holding his sign up. A woman rolled down （摇下） a window and read the sign. I couldnt hear their talk， but I saw the woman turn to the driver and the man reach for his pocket.
I sat in the yard， as Nick ran to me. Waving the dollar， he shouted. “I told you I could sell one stone for a dollar—if you believe in yourself， you can do anything.”
（ ）11. Why didnt the writer help his son？
A. Because his wife is better at making a sign.
B. Because he didnt know what to write.
C. Because he was busy sweeping leaves.
D. Because he didnt want his son to sell the stones.
（ ）12. The underlined words “was fascinated with” mean “ ”.
A. was far from B. was afraid of
C. was famous for D. was interested in
（ ）13. Nick was a boy .
A. who was kind B. who had a strong mind （意志）
C. who was honest （诚实的） D. who had many hobbies
（ ）14. From the passage we know .
A. the story happened in spring
B. the car was driven by a woman
C. Nick spent half an hour selling one stone
D. the writer might be moved （感动） by his son
（ ）15. What is the best title of the passage？
A. Expensive Stones. B. Favorite Stones.
C. A Stones Value （价值）. D. Stones for Nothing.
四、阅读理解填词。
Spring is coming. The w 1 gets warm. Its still a little cold and w 2 these days. But we can find spring everywhere.
Look at the trees. The l 3 on the trees are green now. They are growing （生长） well.
Some flowers are c 4 out. They are so b 5 . Listen， the birds are singing. They are happy to come b 6 . Spring is a good time for outdoor（户外的） a 7 . Children are playing on the playground. Some are flying kites； others are t 8 photos； still others are playing football. They w 9 sweaters and jeans. Spring is a comfortable season. Its not too cold or too h 10 . I like it.
1. w 2. w 3. l 4. c 5. b
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